Antibodies against human ryk and uses therefor

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind RYK, in particular human RYK and their use in regulating RYK-associated activities. Specifically there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof that specifically binds to the extracellular domain of human RYK, in particular, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, binds specifically to the WIF domain of human RYK. Preferably, the antibodies of the present invention modulate RYK-associated activity, which includes RYK mediated signal transduction activity and modulation of the interaction of Wnts with RYK and, preferably, modulate Wnt induced signaling. In particular, the antibodies inhibit the binding of Wnt5a and inhibit Wnt induced phosphorylation of Dishevelled (Dvl) 2 and/or Dvl3 proteins.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind RYK, in particular human RYK and their use in regulating RYK-associated activities. The antibodies disclosed herein are useful in treatment of cancer, inflammation and other chronic diseases and nerve injury, including peripheral nerve injury and spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

RYK is a unique member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family and is a putative pseudokinase. It is part of a small but biologically significant group of RTKs that has a functionally inactive protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) domain, due to substitution of conserved residues required for tyrosine kinase activity. It binds to the Wnt family of ligands via its Wnt inhibitory factor (WIF) domain, and regulates important biological processes including cell differentiation, migration, and axon pathfinding and target selection.

RYK is a cell surface receptor with a single transmembrane domain, a small extracellular region and a tyrosine kinase-like domain located within the cytoplasm. The RYK extracellular domain has a single identified domain, the Wnt inhibitory factor (WIF) domain. This domain was originally described in the soluble WIF-1 protein, which carries out its biological functions by sequestering members of the Wnt or Hedgehog ligand families. RYK has previously been shown to function as a Wnt receptor, and recently to function in mammalian planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathways.

Progress in defining the biological role of RYK has trailed many of the other RTK members due to the unusual nature of the ligands and to RYK having no detectable kinase activity. The generation of RYK-deficient mice has shed some light on its functions. RYK^(−/−) mice demonstrated a key role for RYK in craniofacial development and palate closure. RYK is required for neural progenitor cell differentiation into neurons and axon extension, and is critical for correct axon guidance in the developing nervous system. Importantly, RYK was shown to mediate Writ-induced axon repulsion. In rat models of spinal cord injury, injection of an anti-RYK polyclonal antibody prevented corticospinal tract axon retraction from the lesion, caused sprouting of axons at and caudal to the lesion, and enhanced functional recovery after injury.

Although RYK has an established role in the transduction of Wnt-initiated signals, elucidation of the exact mechanisms by which RYK functions at a molecular and cellular level has remained elusive. It has been shown that RYK can signal via the small GTPase RhoA, though the downstream mediators have not been identified. However, the effects of this pathway are unknown. Inhibiting RYK function with conventional PTK inhibitors has not been possible due to lack of intrinsic kinase activity. While some interactive partners have been identified, they have not yet provided a specific mechanism to antagonize RYK function. Attempts to generate inhibitory antibodies to RYK have been hampered by poor immunogenicity of the receptor extracellular domain, lack of characterized ligands, and lack of structural information as to how the receptor interacts with its ligands and co-receptors.

Previously, monoclonal antibodies to RYK were generated using a soluble version of the entire human RYK extracellular domain expressed in a mammalian expression system (Halford M M, et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 7379-7390). While some monoclonal antibodies were made to this region, they were of the IgM isotype, indicating a failure of the immune system to switch to the high-affinity IgG isotype, which is typically seen with antigens that poorly stimulate the immune response.

It has been previously demonstrated that RYK is processed in two steps. A first cleavage event removes the extracellular domain, while a second cleavage is catalyzed by the γ-secretase complex and acts to liberate the RYK intracellular domain (RYK-ICD) (Lyu J, et al., 2008, Dev Cell 15: 773-780).

The poor immunogenicity and the constitutive proteolytic processing of the RYK extracellular domain, and potentially reduced availability of the WIF domain associated therewith, have posed a challenge for the generation of inhibitory anti-RYK antibodies. Accordingly, there exists a need to provide a high affinity monoclonal antibody that binds human RYK, in particular the WIF domain of the extracellular domain of RYK.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof that specifically binds to the extracellular domain of human RYK, in particular, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, binds specifically to the WIF domain of human RYK.

In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are human or humanized antibodies. In another embodiment, the antibodies of the invention may or may not be conjugated to a detectable substance or a therapeutic agent.

In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies of the present invention modulate RYK-associated activity, which includes RYK mediated signal transduction activity and modulation of the interaction of Wnts with RYK and, preferably, modulate Wnt induced signaling. In particular, the antibodies inhibit the binding of Wnt5a and inhibit Wnt induced phosphorylation of Dishevelled (Dvl) 2 and/or Dvl3 proteins. In one embodiment, the antibody of the invention is RWD1, as herein described.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for identifying antibodies that bind to the extracellular domain of human RYK protein, preferably to the WIF domain of human RYK. These antibodies may be screened for the ability to preferentially bind a protein construct that contains the WIF domain of RYK, lacking the carboxyl-terminal cleavage site. Preferably, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies.

In another aspect, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one human anti-RYK antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition can further include a combination of at least one anti-RYK antibody and at least one therapeutic agent. Combinations of the anti-RYK antibody and a therapeutic agent are also within the scope of the invention. The compositions and combinations of the invention can be used to regulate RYK-associated conditions.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating a subject with a RYK-associated condition. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective dose of the anti-RYK antibody according to the invention to the subject. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dose of an anti-RYK antibody is an amount sufficient to substantially inhibit interaction between RYK and a Wnt protein, thereby substantially modulating Wnt signaling.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting the presence of RYK in a sample in vitro. Samples may include biological samples such as serum, plasma, tissue and biopsy. The method can be used to diagnose a condition or disorder, such as a RYK-associated condition as described herein. The method includes: (1) contacting the sample or a control sample with an anti-RYK antibody, and (2) detecting formation of a complex between the anti-RYK antibody and the sample or the control sample, wherein a statistically significant change in the formation of the complex in the sample relative to a control sample, is indicative of the presence of RYK in the sample.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting the presence of RYK in vivo (e.g., in vivo imaging in a subject). The method can be used to diagnose a disorder, a RYK-associated condition as described herein. The method includes: (1) administering an anti-RYK antibody to a subject or a control subject under conditions that allow binding of the antibody to RYK, and (2) detecting formation of a complex between the antibody and RYK, wherein a statistically significant change in the formation of the complex in the subject relative to a control, e.g., a control subject, is indicative of the presence of RYK.

The antibody may be directly or indirectly labeled with a detectable substance to facilitate detection of the bound or unbound antibody. Suitable detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials and radioactive materials.

According to another aspect, the invention provides diagnostic methods using the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention to detect cancer or evaluate the efficacy of cancer treatment. In particular embodiments, the diagnostic methods of the invention provide methods of imaging and localizing metastases and methods of diagnosis and prognosis using tissues and fluids distal to a primary tumor site, for example, whole blood, sputum, urine, serum, fine needle aspirates (i.e., biopsies). In other embodiments, the diagnostic methods of the invention provide methods of imaging and localizing metastases and methods of diagnosis and prognosis in vivo. In such embodiments, primary and/or metastatic tumors are detected using an antibody of the invention. The antibodies of the invention may also be used for immunohistochemical analyses of frozen or fixed cells or tissue assays.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides kits comprising the pharmaceutical compositions or diagnostic reagents of the invention.

The discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like is included in this specification solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not suggested or represented that any or all of these matters formed part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.

Where the terms “comprise”, “comprises”, “comprised” or “comprising” are used in this specification (including the claims) they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components, but not precluding the presence of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or group thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the generation of monoclonal antibodies to the RYK extracellular domain and epitope mapping. (A) Flow cytometry using purified anti-RYK mouse monoclonal antibodies 1B4, 1G8, 5E3 and 6G1. (B) Schematic of the mouse RYK deletion constructs used in this study. (C) Western blot analysis of purified mouse RYK deletion constructs using anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies 1B4 and 6G1. (D) ELISA results using anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies 1B4 and 6G1 on an immobilized peptide library of the entire human RYK extracellular domain.

FIG. 2 shows the constitutive proteolytic processing of the RYK extracellular domain. (A) Proteolysis of RYK in mammalian cell lines. (B) Consensus cleavage sites in the mouse RYK extracellular domain (single-letter amino acid code) for proprotein convertases (PCs). (C) The PC consensus sites of RYK are partly required for proteolytic generation of RYK-CTF. (D) Transiently transfected COS-7 cells treated with metalloproteinase inhibitors to inhibit constitutive extracellular domain shedding.

FIG. 3 shows the generation of RYK inhibitory antibodies by screening a human scFv phage display library. (A) Co-immunoprecipitation of Wnt1.Myc5, Wnt3a.Myc5 and Wnt5a.Myc5 with a fusion protein containing the human RYK WIF domain. (B) Co-immunoprecipitation assay with a recombinant fusion protein containing the entire human RYK extracellular domain, Wnt3a or Wnt5a and anti-RYK scFvs. (C) ELISA results using anti-RYK scFvs on an immobilized peptide library of the entire human RYK extracellular domain.

FIG. 4 shows the characterization of the full-length IgG anti-RYK inhibitory antibody RWD1. (A) A co-immunoprecipitation assay with a recombinant fusion protein containing the entire human RYK extracellular domain, purified RWD1 and Wnt3a and Wnt5a. (B) ELISA results of immobilized RWD1 antibody probed with a recombinant fusion protein containing the entire human RYK extracellular domain.

FIG. 5 shows the surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) analysis of the interaction between immobilized RWD1 antibody and purified fusion protein containing the human RYK WIF domain. The kinetic constants derived are shown in the table.

FIG. 6 shows the RWD1 antibody inhibits Wnt signaling and RYK function in neurons. (A) Western blot analysis of lysates from of SN4741 cells treated with Wnt5a and with normal human IgG or RWD1. Lysates were immunoblotted (IB) with anti-Dvl2 and anti-β-actin antibodies. (B) Quantification of neurite growth from E15.5 mouse cortical neurons treated with normal human IgG, RWD1, Wnt5a, or diluent.

FIG. 7 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of human RYK.

FIG. 8 shows the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of scFv3 and scFvN3 (underlined codons or residues have been changed from stop codons to glutamine (Q) codons or residues).

FIG. 9 shows the vector map, amino acid and nucleotide sequences of encoding the heavy chain of RWD1.

FIG. 10 shows the vector map, amino acid and nucleotide sequences of encoding the light chain of RWD1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, that specifically binds to the extracellular domain of human RYK, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, specifically binds to the Wnt inhibitory factor (WIF) domain of human RYK.

Previous attempts to generate monoclonal antibodies to RYK used a soluble version of the entire human RYK extracellular domain (H-RYK-FLAG) expressed in a mammalian expression system. While some monoclonal antibodies were made to this region, they were of the IgM isotype, indicating a failure of the immune system to switch to the high-affinity IgG isotype.

Moreover, as will be demonstrated herein, the extracellular domain of RYK is likely to be proteolytically processed by a matrix metalloprotease to generate a short extracellular domain attached to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of RYK.

Furthermore, antibody mapping has revealed that the IgM antibody binds to a small portion of extracellular domain that remains after proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain containing the WIF domain.

Given that only IgM antibodies were able to be generated to the extracellular domain of RYK, the extracellular domain, including the WIF domain, can be considered to be poorly immunogenic. This is further supported by data generated by the inventors which demonstrates that attempts to generate antibodies to the RYK WIF domain alone in mice and rabbits failed to produce any monoclonal antibodies to RYK in the animals' serum.

Therefore, the poor immunogenicity of the extracellular domain of RYK including the WIF domain, combined with the constitutive cleavage of the extracellular domain have proved problematic in the generation of monoclonal antibodies to the RYK extracellular domain, in particular the WIF domain.

The term “antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin or fragment thereof, and encompasses any polypeptide comprising an antigen-binding fragment or an antigen binding domain. The term includes but is not limited to polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific, non-specific, humanized, human, single-chain, chimeric, synthetic, recombinant, hybrid, mutated, grafted, and in vitro generated antibodies. Unless preceded by the word “intact”, the term “antibody” includes antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, and other antibody fragments that retain antigen-binding function. Typically, such fragments would comprise an antigen-binding domain.

The terms “antigen-binding fragment” and “antigen-binding domain” refer to a part of an antibody molecule that comprises amino acids responsible for the specific binding between antibody and antigen. The part of the antigen that is specifically recognized and bound by the antibody is referred to as the “epitope.” An antigen-binding domain may comprise an antibody light chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH); however, it does not have to comprise both. Fd fragments, for example, have two VH regions and often retain some antigen-binding function of the intact antigen-binding domain. Examples of antigen-binding fragments of an antibody include (1) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment having the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (2) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment having two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (3) a Fd fragment having the two VH and CH1 domains; (4) a Fv fragment having the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (5) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which has a VH domain; (6) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR), and (7) a single chain Fv (scFv). Although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are evaluated for function in the same manner as are intact antibodies.

The term “human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions corresponding substantially to human germline immunoglobulin sequences known in the art, including, for example, those described by Kabat et al. (See Kabat, et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 913242). The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs, and in particular, CDR3. The human antibody can have at least one, two, three, four, five, or more positions replaced with an amino acid residue that is not encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin sequence.

The term “isolated” refers to a molecule that is substantially free of its natural environment. For instance, an isolated protein is substantially free of cellular material or other proteins from the cell or tissue source from which it was derived. The term also refers to preparations where the isolated protein is sufficiently pure for pharmaceutical compositions; or at least 70-80% (w/w) pure; or at least 80-90% (w/w) pure; or at least 90-95% pure; or at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) pure.

The term “derivative” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of an antibody that specifically binds to a RYK polypeptide, or an antibody fragment that specifically binds to a RYK polypeptide, which has been altered by the introduction of amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or additions (i.e., mutations). In some embodiments, an antibody derivative or fragment thereof comprises amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or additions in one or more CDRs. The antibody derivative may have substantially the same binding, better binding, or worse binding when compared to a non-derivative antibody. In specific embodiments, one, two, three, four, or five amino acid residues of the CDR have been substituted, deleted or added (i.e., mutated). The term “derivative” as used herein also refers to an antibody that specifically binds to a RYK polypeptide, or an antibody fragment that specifically binds to a RYK polypeptide, which has been modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the polypeptide. For example, but not by way of limitation, an antibody or an antibody fragment may be modified, such as by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. A derivative may also be modified by chemical modifications using techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Further, a derivative may contain one or more non-classical amino acids. In one embodiment, a derivative possesses a similar or identical function as an antibody, or antibody fragment described herein. In another embodiment, a derivative has an altered activity when compared to an unaltered polypeptide. For example, a derivative antibody or antibody fragment can bind to its epitope more tightly or be more resistant to proteolysis.

The “fragments” described herein include a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 60 contiguous amino residues, at least 70 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 80 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 90 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 125 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 150 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 175 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 250 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 300 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 350 contiguous amino acid residues, or at least 400 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of an antibody that specifically binds to the WIF domain of human RYK. That is, a “fragment” can include a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of contiguous amino acid sequences having at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identity with an antibody that specifically binds to the WIF domain of human RYK.

The terms “specific binding” or “specifically binds” refers to two molecules forming a complex that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Specific binding is characterized by a high affinity and a low to moderate capacity as distinguished from nonspecific binding which usually has a low affinity with a moderate to high capacity. If necessary, nonspecific binding can be reduced without substantially affecting specific binding by varying the binding conditions. The appropriate binding conditions, such as concentration of antibodies, ionic strength of the solution, temperature, time allowed for binding, concentration of a blocking agent (e.g., serum albumin, milk casein), etc., may be optimized by a skilled artisan using routine techniques.

The present invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibodies comprising derivatives of the VH domains, VH CDRs, VL domains, or VL CDRs described herein that specifically bind to the human RYK WIF domain. Preferably, the antibodies of the present invention can modulate RYK function. More preferably, the antibodies can substantially modulate Wnt signaling, preferably, the antibodies can substantially modulate Wnt signaling mediated by Wnt5a.

As used herein, the term “modulate” or “modulating” refers to adjusting, changing, or manipulating, for example an increase or decrease, the amount, quality, response or effect of a particular activity, function or molecule. As used herein, the “inhibit” or “inhibition” or “inhibiting” variants thereof refer to decreasing, reducing, suppressing, blocking or preventing.

As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. The skilled addressee will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

The amino acid sequences describing the antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments or derivatives of the antibodies of the present invention are set forth in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Note: (*) has been substituted with a glutamine residue (Q) Sequence Seq ID Identifier Sequence No: scFv3 EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAP SEQ ID GKGLEWVSLIHKAGHTT*YADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMN No. 1 SLRAEDTAVYYCAKGYRHFDYWGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSTDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVAITCRASQSISSYLN WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYRASNLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS LQPEDFATYYCQQAVGSPRTFGQGTKVEIKR scFv3 VH EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAP SEQ ID GKGLEWVSLIHKAGHTTQYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQM No. 2 NSLRAEDTAVYYCAKGYRHFDYWGQGTLVTVSS scFv3 VL DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVAITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGK SEQ ID APKLLIYRASNLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATY No. 3 YCQQAVGSPRTFGQGTKVEIKR scFv3 SYAMS SEQ ID CDRH1 No. 4 scFv3 LIHKAGHTTQYADSVKGV SEQ ID CDRH2 No. 5 scFv3 GYRHFD SEQ ID CDRH3 No. 6 scFv3 RASQSISSYLN SEQ ID CDRL1 No. 7 scFv3 RASNLQSGVPS SEQ ID CDRL2 No. 8 scFv3 AVGSPRT SEQ ID CDRL3 No. 9 scFvN3 EVQLLESGGGLV*PGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAPG SEQ ID KGLEWVSTISRVGFPTVYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNS No. 10 LRAEDTAVYYCAKRGHPFDYVVGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGG SGGGGSTDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNW YQQKPGKAPKLLIYQASVLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSL QPEDFATYYCQQPGPAPPTFGQGTKVEIKR scFvN3 VH EVQLLESGGGLV*PGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAPG SEQ ID KGLEWVSTISRVGFPTVYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNS No. 11 LRAEDTAVYYCAKRGHPFDYWGQGTLVTVSSPGPAPPTFGQ GTKVEIKR scFvN3 VL DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGK SEQ ID APKLLIYQASVLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATY No. 12 YCQQPGPAPPTFGQGTKVEIKR scFvN3 SYAMS SEQ ID CDRH1 No. 13 scFvN3 TISRVGFPT SEQ ID CDRH2 No. 14 scFvN3 RGHPFD SEQ ID CDRH3 No. 15 scFvN3 RASQSISSYLN SEQ ID CDRL1 No. 16 scFvN3 QASVLQSGVPSRFS SEQ ID CDRL2 No. 17 scFvN3 PGPAPPT SEQ ID CDRL3 No. 18 RWD1 EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAP SEQ ID Heavy GKGLEWVSLIHKAGHTTQYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQM No. 19 Chain NSLRAEDTAVYYCAKGYRHFDYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSV FPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTK VDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREE QYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQG NVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK RWD1 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVAITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGK SEQ ID Light APKLLIYRASNLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATY No. 20 Chain YCQQAVGSPRTFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGT ASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSLPVTKSFNRGE

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a heavy chain comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or at least one CDR whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or in that it comprises a light chain comprising at least one CDR chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18, or at least one CDR whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a heavy chain comprising at least two complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or at least two CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or in that it comprises a light chain comprising at least two CDRs chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18, or at least two CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a heavy chain comprising three complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or three CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 or 15, or in that it comprises a light chain comprising at least two CDRs chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18, or at least two CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, or 18.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a heavy chain comprising two of the three or the three complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, or 6, or two of the three or the three CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 4, 5, or 6.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a light chain comprising two of the three or the three complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, or 9, or two of the three or the three CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 7, 8, or 9.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a heavy chain comprising two of the three or the three complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 13, 14 or 15, or two of the three or the three CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 13, 14 or 15.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, comprising a light chain comprising two of the three or the three complementarity determining regions (CDR) chosen from the CDRs of sequence SEQ ID No. 16, 17, or 18, or two of the three or the three CDRs whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 16, 17, or 18.

The phrase “percent (%) identical” or “percent (%) identity” refers to the similarity between at least two different sequences. This percent identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithms, for example, the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) described by Altshul et al. ((1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410); the algorithm of Needleman et al. ((1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48: 444-453); or the algorithm of Meyers et al. ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17). The percent identity is usually calculated by comparing sequences of similar length.

The phrase “substantially identical” or “substantially homologous” means that the relevant amino acid or nucleotide sequence (e.g., CDR(s), VH, or VL domain) will be identical to or have insubstantial differences (through conserved amino acid substitutions) in comparison to the sequences which are set out. Insubstantial differences include minor amino acid changes, such as 1 or 2 substitutions in a 5 amino acid sequence of a specified region. In the case of antibodies, the second antibody has the same specificity and has at least 50% of the affinity of the first antibody.

Sequences substantially identical or homologous (e.g., at least about 85% sequence identity) to the sequences disclosed herein are also part of this application. In some embodiments, the sequence identity can be about 85%. 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher. Alternatively, substantial identity or homology exists when the nucleic acid segments will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions (e.g., highly stringent hybridization conditions), to the complement of the strand. The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form.

In another embodiment, the present invention also provides for antibodies comprising a variable heavy (“VH”) domain and/or a variable light (“VL”) domain having an amino acid sequence of the VH domain and/or VL domain, respectively, of scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 2 and 3, respectively), or scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 11 and 12, respectively) or a VH/VL sequence whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 2, 3, 11, or 12. These sequences represent unique scFv sequences identified from a naïve scFv phage library. Such antibodies may further comprise any constant region known in the art, preferably any human constant region known in the art, including, but not limited to, human light chain kappa (κ), human light chain lambda (λ), the constant region of IgG₁, the constant region of IgG₂, the constant region of IgG₃ or the constant region of IgG₄.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody comprising a variable heavy (“VH”) domain and/or a variable light (“VL”) domain having an amino acid sequence of the VH domain and/or VL domain, respectively, of scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 2 and 3, respectively) or a VH/VL sequence whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 2 or 3, grafted onto a human IgG₁ backbone.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody, designated RWD1, having a heavy and or light chain encoded by the sequence SEQ ID No. 19 or 20 respectively, or a sequence whose sequence has at least 80% identity after optimum alignment with the sequence SEQ ID No. 19 or 20.

The antibody of the invention can be full-length (e.g., include at least one complete heavy chain and at least one complete light chain) or can include only an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., a Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fv, a single chain Fv fragment, a Fd fragment, or a dAb fragment). The antibody can include a constant region, or a portion thereof, chosen from any of: the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes. For example, heavy chain constant regions of the various isotypes can be used, including: IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, IgG₄, IgM, IgA₁, IgA₂, IgD, and IgE. The light chain constant region can be chosen from kappa or lambda. The antibody may be an IgG, or it may also be IgG_(1κ) or IgG_(1γ).

The anti-RYK antibody described herein can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule (such as another peptide or protein (e.g., a Fab fragment)). For example, an antibody of the invention can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, non-covalent association or otherwise) to at least one other molecular entity, such as another antibody (e.g., a bispecific or a multispecific antibody), toxin, radioisotope, cytotoxic or cytostatic agent, among others.

Standard techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to introduce mutations (e.g., deletions, additions, and/or substitutions) in the nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody of the invention, including, for example, site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis which results in amino acid substitutions. Preferably, the derivatives include less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the original molecule.

In a further embodiment, the derivatives have conservative amino acid substitutions made at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues (i.e., amino acid residues which are not critical for the antibody to specifically bind to the human RYK WIF domain). A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a side chain with a similar charge. Families of amino acid residues having side chains with similar charges have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis, the encoded antibody can be expressed and the activity of the antibody can be determined.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 1), scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 10) or RWD1 (SEQ ID No's: 19 and 20), or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain comprising an amino acid sequence of a VH domain that is at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the VH domain of scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 2), scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 11) or RWD1 (SEQ ID No: 19).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain comprising an amino acid sequence of a VL domain that is at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the VL domain of scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 3), scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 12) or RWD1 (SEQ ID No: 20).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain comprising an amino acid sequence of one or more VL CDRs that are at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to any of the VL CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 7-9 and 16-18) listed in Table 1. In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain comprises an amino acid sequence of one or more VH CDRs that are at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to any of one of the VH CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 4-6 and 13-15) listed in Table 1.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody being encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 21).

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody comprising a VH domain and/or VL domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the VH domain and/or VL domain of scFv3 (SEQ ID No's: 22 and 23).

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody comprising a VH CDR and/or a VL CDR encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the VH CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 24-26) and/or VL CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 27-29) of scFv3.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 30).

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody comprising a VH domain and/or VL domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the VH domain and/or VL domain of scFvN3 (SEQ ID No's: 31 and 32).

In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain, said antibody comprising a VH CDR and/or a VL CDR encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 65%, preferably at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence encoding the VH CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 33-35) and/or VL CDRs (SEQ ID No's: 36-38) of scFvN3.

In a specific embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence encoding scFv3 (SEQ ID No: 21), scFvN3 (SEQ ID No: 30) or RWD1 (SEQ ID Nos: 39 and 40), or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, under stringent conditions (e.g., hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at about 50-65° C.), under highly stringent conditions (e.g., hybridization to filter-bound nucleic acid in 6×SSC at about 45° C. followed by one or more washes in 0.1×SSC/0.2% SDS at about 68° C.), or under other stringent hybridization conditions which are known to those of skill in the art (see, for example, Ausubel, F. M., et al., eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Green Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York at pages 6.3.1-6.3.6 and 2.10.3).

In another aspect, the present invention provides antibodies that compete with and/or substantially inhibit the interaction of RYK with Writ proteins. The competition/inhibition of the interaction of RYK with Wnt proteins is associated with an inhibition of Wnt signaling. Accordingly, binding of an antibody of the present invention is associated with a modulation of RYK-mediated signal transduction. In an embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that competes with and/or substantially inhibits the interaction of RYK with Wnt proteins.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that competes with and/or substantially inhibits the interaction of RYK with Wnt5a.

The present invention provides for antibodies that have a high binding affinity for human RYK WIF domain. In the determination of the binding affinity of an antibody such as by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) analysis, the person skilled in the art would understand that specific values determined for rates of association or dissociation of an antibody with its target may be altered by variations made to the conditions of the assay.

Such conditions include but are not limited to the temperature at which an assay is performed and the strength or pH of buffers and other solutions used for the assay.

In a specific embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has an association rate constant of at least 10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at least 1.5×10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at least 2×10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at least 2.5×10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at least 5×10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at least 10⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ or at least 5×10⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ as determined by SPRi analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has an association rate constant of at least about 8.8×10⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ as determined by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) analysis.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has an association rate constant of at most 10⁸ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at most 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at most 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, at most 10¹¹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, or at most 10¹² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ as determined by SPRi analysis. In accordance with these embodiments, such antibodies may comprise a VH domain and/or a VL domain of scFv3, or scFvN3, or the heavy and/or light chains of RWD1.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has a dissociation rate constant of less than less than 5×10⁴ s⁻¹, less than 10⁻³ s⁻¹, less than 5×10⁻³ s⁻¹, less than 10⁻² s⁻¹, less than 5×10⁻² s⁻¹, less than 10⁻¹ s⁻¹, or less than 5×10⁻¹ s⁻¹, or 10⁻¹-10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, 10⁻³-10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, or 10⁻³-10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ as determined by SPRi analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has a dissociation rate constant of about 3.7×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ as determined by SPRi analysis.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has a dissociation rate constant of greater than 10⁻¹³ s⁻¹, greater than 10⁻¹² s⁻¹, greater than 10⁻¹¹ s⁻¹, greater than 10⁻¹⁰ s⁻¹, greater than 10⁻⁹ s⁻¹, or greater than 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹ as determined by SPRi analysis. In accordance with these embodiments, such antibodies may comprise a VH domain and/or a VL domain of scFv3, or scFvN3 or the heavy and/or light chains of RWD1.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has a dissociation constant or K_(D) (k_(a)/k_(d)) of less than 5×10⁻⁹ M, less than 10⁻⁸ M, less than 5×10⁻⁸ M, less than 10⁻⁷ M, less than 5×10⁻⁷ M, less than 10⁻⁶ M, less than 5×10⁻⁶ M, less than 10⁻⁵ M, less than 5×10⁻⁵ M, less than 10⁻⁴ M, less than 5×10⁻⁴ M, less than 10⁻³ M, or less than 5×10⁻³ M or 10⁻² M-5×10⁻⁵ M, or 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁸ M as determined by SPRi analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain with a K_(D) of about 4.2×10⁻⁹ M as determined by SPRi analysis.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain has a K_(D) of greater than 10⁻⁹ M, greater than 5×10⁻¹⁰ M, greater than 10⁻¹⁰ M, greater than 5×10⁻¹¹ M, greater than 10⁻¹¹ M, greater than 5×10⁻¹² M, greater than 10⁻¹² M, greater than 5×10⁻¹³ M, greater than 10⁻¹³ M, greater than 5×10⁻¹⁴ M, greater than 10⁻¹⁴ M or greater than 10⁻⁹ M-10⁻¹⁴ M. In accordance with these embodiments, such antibodies may comprise a VH domain and/or a VL domain of scFv3, or scFvN3, or the heavy and/or light chains of RWD1.

Although the embodiments illustrated in the Examples comprise a “matching” pair of VH and VL domains, a skilled artisan will recognize that alternative embodiments may comprise antigen-binding fragments containing only a single CDR from either VL or VH domain. Either one of the single chain specific antigen-binding domains can be used to screen for complementary domains capable of forming a two-domain specific antigen-binding fragment capable of, for example, binding to the human RYK WIF domain. The screening may be accomplished by phage display screening methods known to those in the art. In this approach, an individual colony containing either a H or L chain clone is used to infect a complete library of clones encoding the other chain (L or H), and the resulting two-chain specific antigen-binding domain is selected in accordance with phage display techniques as described.

In some alternative embodiments, the anti-RYK antibodies can be linked to a protein (e.g., albumin) by chemical cross-linking or recombinant methods. The disclosed antibodies may also be linked to a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes). The antibodies can be chemically modified by covalent conjugation to a polymer, for example, to increase their half-life in blood circulation.

The disclosed antibodies can be modified to alter their glycosylation; that is, at least one carbohydrate moiety can be deleted or added to the antibody. Deletion or addition of glycosylation sites can be accomplished by changing amino acid sequence to delete or create glycosylation consensus sites, which are well known in the art. Another means of adding carbohydrate moieties is the chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to amino acid residues of the antibody. Removal of carbohydrate moieties can also be accomplished chemically or enzymatically.

Methods for altering an antibody constant region are known in the art. Antibodies with altered function (e.g., altered affinity for an effector ligand such as FcR on a cell or the C1 component of complement) can be produced by replacing at least one amino acid residue in the constant portion of the antibody with a different residue. Similar types of alterations could be described which if applied to a murine or other species antibody would reduce or eliminate similar functions.

For example, it is possible to alter the affinity of an Fc region of an antibody (e.g., an IgG, such as a human IgG) for FcR (e.g., Fc gamma R1). The affinity may be altered by replacing at least one specified residue with at least one residue having an appropriate functionality on its side chain, or by introducing a charged functional group, such as glutamate or aspartate, or perhaps an aromatic non-polar residue such as phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine.

Modified antibodies can be produced which have a reduced interaction with an Fc receptor. For example, it has been shown that in human IgG3, which binds to the human Fc gamma R1 receptor, changing Leu 235 to Glu destroys its interaction with the receptor. Mutations on adjacent or close sites in the hinge link region of an antibody (e.g., replacing residues 234, 236 or 237 with Ala) can also be used to affect antibody affinity for the Fc gamma R1 receptor.

Additional methods for altering the lytic activity of an antibody, for example, by altering at least one amino acid in the N-terminal region of the CH2 domain, are also known in the art.

The antibodies of this invention may be tagged with a detectable or functional label. These labels include radiolabels (e.g., ¹³¹I or ⁹⁹Tc), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), and other chemical moieties (e.g., biotin).

In another aspect, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one human anti-RYK antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can further include a combination of at least one anti-RYK antibody and at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group comprising cytokines and growth factor inhibitors, immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory agents, metabolic inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, cytostatic agents, or combinations thereof.

The present invention provides peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions of the antibodies described herein. Preferably, peptides, polypeptides or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions of antibodies of the invention further comprise a heterologous amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, such a heterologous amino acid sequence comprises at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 30 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 75 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues or more contiguous amino acid residues. Such peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins may be referred to as fusion proteins.

In a specific embodiment, peptides, polypeptides or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions of the antibodies of the invention are 10 amino acid residues, 15 amino acid residues, 20 amino acid residues, 25 amino acid residues, 30 amino acid residues, 35 amino acid residues, 40 amino acid residues, 45 amino acid residues, 50 amino acid residues, 75 amino acid residues, 100 amino acid residues, 125 amino acid residues, 150 amino acid residues or more amino acid residues in length. In certain embodiments, peptides, polypeptides, or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions of an antibody of the invention specifically bind to the human RYK WIF domain.

In certain embodiments, peptides, polypeptides or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions of the antibodies of the invention are a heterologous amino acid sequence that is at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical with a hypervariable region of an antibody of the invention.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins comprising a VH domain and/or VL domain of one of the antibodies described herein (see Table 1). In another embodiment, the present invention provides peptides, polypeptides and/or proteins comprising one or more CDRs having the amino acid sequence of any of the CDRs listed in Table 1. In accordance with these embodiments, the peptides, polypeptides or proteins may further comprise a heterologous amino acid sequence.

Peptides, polypeptides or proteins comprising one or more variable or hypervariable regions have utility, e.g., in the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies which in turn may be used to prevent, treat, and/or ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with a condition, disease or disorder (e.g., cancer). The anti-idiotypic antibodies produced can also be utilized in immunoassays, such as, e.g., ELISAs, for the detection of antibodies which comprise a variable or hypervariable region contained in the peptide, polypeptide or protein used in the production of the anti-idiotypic antibodies.

According to another aspect, the invention relates to mammalian cells capable of secreting monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention, especially anti-RYK IgG/CHO cells such as deposited at CellBank Australia (CBA) 214 Hwkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW Australia, 2145, on 1 Mar. 2013 and having the accession number CBA20130025.

In another aspect, the present invention provides polynucleotides that hybridize under high stringency, intermediate or lower stringency hybridization conditions, to polynucleotides that encode an antibody of the invention. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding 1, 2 or 3 CDRs of the heavy chain variable domain or a light chain variable domain of an antibody of the invention.

In a specific embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain variable domain and/or a light chain variable domain of an antibody of the invention (e.g., scFv3 or scFvN3; Seq ID No's: 1 and 10, respectively).

In another specific embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain variable domain and/or a light chain variable domain of an antibody of the invention (e.g., scFv3 or scFvN3; Seq ID No's: 3 and 12, respectively) that has been humanized or chimerized.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain or a light chain of an antibody of the invention (e.g., RWD1, Seq ID No. 19 and 20, respectively).

As used herein, the term “stringent” describes conditions for hybridization and washing. Stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and non-aqueous methods are described in that reference and either can be used. One example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C. A second example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 55° C. Another example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C. A further example of stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by at least one wash in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. High stringent conditions include hybridization in 0.5 M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by at least one wash at 0.2×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C.

The polynucleotides may be obtained, and the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotides determined, by any method known in the art. Since the amino acid sequences of the antibodies have been determined by the inventors, nucleotide sequences encoding these antibodies can be determined using methods well known in the art, i.e., nucleotide codons known to encode particular amino acids are assembled in such a way to generate a nucleic acid that encodes the antibody or fragment thereof of the invention. Such a polynucleotide encoding the antibody may be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (e.g., as described in Kutmeier et al., 1994, BioTechniques 17:242), which, briefly, involves the synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of the sequence encoding the antibody, annealing and ligating those oligonucleotides, and then amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides by PCR.

Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding an antibody may be generated from a nucleic acid from a suitable source. If a clone containing a nucleic acid encoding a particular antibody is not available, but the sequence of the antibody molecule is known, (see e.g., FIGS. 7-10), a nucleic acid encoding the immunoglobulin may be chemically synthesized or obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or a cDNA library generated from nucleic acid, preferably poly A+ RNA, isolated from any tissue or cells expressing the antibody) by PCR amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3′ and 5′ ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the particular gene sequence to identify, e.g., a cDNA clone from a cDNA library that encodes the antibody. Amplified nucleic acids generated by PCR may then be cloned into replicable cloning vectors using any method well known in the art.

Once the nucleotide sequence of the antibody is determined, the nucleotide sequence of the antibody may be manipulated using methods well known in the art for the manipulation of nucleotide sequences, e.g., recombinant DNA techniques, site directed mutagenesis, PCR, etc. (see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. and Ausubel et al., eds., 1998, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, which are both incorporated by reference herein in their entireties), to generate antibodies having a different amino acid sequence, for example to create amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions.

In a specific embodiment, one or more of the CDRs of the present invention is inserted within framework regions using routine recombinant DNA techniques. The framework regions may be naturally occurring or consensus framework regions, and preferably human framework regions. Preferably, the polynucleotide generated by the combination of the framework regions and CDRs encodes an antibody that specifically binds to the human RYK WIF domain. Preferably, as discussed above, one or more amino acid substitutions may be made within the framework regions, and, preferably, the amino acid substitutions improve binding of the antibody to its antigen. Additionally, such methods may be used to make amino acid substitutions or deletions of one or more variable region cysteine residues participating in an intrachain disulfide bond to generate antibody molecules lacking one or more intrachain disulfide bonds. Other alterations to the polynucleotide are encompassed by the present invention and within the skill of the art.

Recombinant expression of an antibody of the invention, derivative, analog or fragment thereof, (e.g., a heavy or light chain of an antibody of the invention or a portion thereof or a single chain antibody of the invention), requires construction of an expression vector containing a polynucleotide that encodes the antibody. Once a polynucleotide encoding an antibody molecule or a heavy or light chain of an antibody, or portion thereof (preferably, but not necessarily, containing the heavy or light chain variable domain), of the invention has been obtained, the vector for the production of the antibody molecule may be produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well known in the art. Thus, methods for preparing a protein by expressing a polynucleotide containing an antibody encoding nucleotide sequence are described herein. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences and appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. These methods include, for example, in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. The invention, thus, provides replicable vectors comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody molecule of the invention, a heavy or light chain of an antibody, a heavy or light chain variable domain of an antibody or a portion thereof, or a heavy or light chain CDR, operably linked to a promoter. Such vectors may include the nucleotide sequence encoding the constant region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 86/05807 and WO 89/01036; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,464) and the variable domain of the antibody may be cloned into such a vector for expression of the entire heavy, the entire light chain, or both the entire heavy and light chains.

The expression vector is transferred to a host cell by conventional techniques and the transfected cells are then cultured by conventional techniques to produce an antibody of the invention. Thus, the invention includes host cells containing a polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the invention or fragments thereof, or a heavy or light chain thereof, or portion thereof, or a single chain antibody of the invention, operably linked to a heterologous promoter. In further embodiments for the expression of double-chained antibodies, vectors encoding both the heavy and light chains may be co-expressed in the host cell for expression of the entire immunoglobulin molecule, as detailed below.

A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the antibody molecules of the invention (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715). Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an antibody molecule of the invention in situ. These include but are not limited to microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing antibody coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing antibody coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, NS0, and 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). Preferably, bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, and more preferably, eukaryotic cells, especially for the expression of whole recombinant antibody molecule, are used for the expression of a recombinant antibody molecule. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), in conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective expression system for antibodies (Foecking et al., 1986, Gene 45:101; and Cockett et al., 1990, BioTechnology 8:2). In a specific embodiment, the expression of nucleotide sequences encoding antibodies or fragments thereof which specifically bind to the human RYK WIF domain is regulated by a constitutive promoter, inducible promoter or tissue specific promoter.

In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the antibody molecule being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody molecule, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., 1983, EMBO 12:1791), in which the antibody coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with the lac Z coding region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN vectors (Inouye & Inouye, 1985, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109; Van Heeke & Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 24:5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione 5-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.

In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the antibody coding sequence of interest may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the antibody molecule in infected hosts (e.g., see Logan & Shenk, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:355-359). Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted antibody coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (see, e.g., Bittner et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymol. 153:516-544).

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, W138, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT2O, NS1, and T47D, NS0 (a murine myeloma cell line that does not endogenously produce any immunoglobulin chains), CRL7O3O and HsS78Bst cells.

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the antibody molecule may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transfected with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody molecule. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compositions that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody molecule.

A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., 1977, Cell 11:223), glutamine synthase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:202), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., 1980, Cell 22:8-17) genes can be employed in tk-, gs-, hgprt- or aprt-cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:357; O'Hare et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Wu and Wu, 1991, Biotherapy 3:87; Tolstoshev, 1993, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:573; Mulligan, 1993, Science 260:926; and Morgan and Anderson, 1993, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191; May, 1993, TIB TECH 11:155-); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., 1984, Gene 30:147). Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology may be routinely applied to select the desired recombinant clone, and such methods are described, for example, in Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1993); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY (1990); and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al. (eds), Current Protocols in Human Genetics, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1994); Colberre-Garapin et al., 1981, J. Mol. Biol. 150:1, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

The expression levels of an antibody molecule can be increased by vector amplification. When a marker in the vector system expressing antibody is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the antibody gene, production of the antibody will also increase (Crouse et al., 1983, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:257).

The host cell may be co-transfected with two expression vectors of the invention, the first vector encoding a heavy chain derived polypeptide and the second vector encoding a light chain derived polypeptide. The two vectors may contain identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of heavy and light chain polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector may be used which encodes, and is capable of expressing, both heavy and light chain polypeptides. In such situations, the light chain should be placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of toxic free heavy chain (Proudfoot, 1986, Nature 322:52; and Kohler, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2197). The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains may comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.

Once an antibody molecule of the invention has been produced by recombinant expression, it may be purified by any method known in the art for purification of an immunoglobulin molecule, for example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of proteins. Further, the antibodies of the present invention or fragments thereof may be fused to heterologous polypeptide sequences described herein or otherwise known in the art to facilitate purification.

The present invention encompasses methods for treating, preventing, or managing a condition, disease or disorder associated with RYK, preferably peripheral nerve or spinal cord injury or cancer, in a subject comprising administering one or more anti-RYK antibodies In general, increased RYK expression is associated with various cancers. Accordingly, detection of aberrant expression of RYK, or a reduction in RYK expression with a particular treatment indicates the presence of cancer or that the treatment is reducing the cancer, respectively. In a specific embodiment, the disorder to be treated, prevented, or managed is malignant cancer. In another specific embodiment, the disorder to be treated, prevented, or managed is a pre-cancerous condition associated with cells that overexpress RYK.

As used herein, the terms “therapeutic agent” and “therapeutic agents” refer to any substance(s) that treats or assists in treating a medical condition or disorder. In certain embodiments, the term “therapeutic agent” refers to an anti-RYK antibody. In certain other embodiments, the terms “therapeutic agent” and “therapeutic agents” refer to cancer chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy/immunotherapy. In other embodiments, more than one therapeutic agent may be administered in combination.

As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” of an anti-RYK antibody refers to an amount of an antibody which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject (such as a human patient) at treating, preventing, curing, delaying, reducing the severity of, and/or modulating at least one symptom of a condition, disease or disorder, or prolonging the survival of the subject beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment. As a non-limiting example, the term “effective amount” refers to a dosage or amount that is sufficient to regulate RYK activity to modulate clinical symptoms, e.g. improved recovery following nerve injury or improved prognosis or survival in cancer, or to achieve a desired biological outcome, e.g. such as through decreased neurite outgrowth and decreased axon retraction, decreased cellular proliferation or suppression of tumor growth, etc.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” refer to the eradication, reduction or amelioration of symptoms of a condition, disease or disorder. As used herein, the term “amelioration” means that signs or symptoms associated with the condition, disease or disorder are lessened. In certain embodiments, such terms refer to the minimizing or delaying the spread of cancer or the eradication, removal, modification or control of cancer resulting from the administration of one or more therapeutic agents to a subject with such a disease.

As used herein, the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the occurrence, recurrence or spread of a condition, disease or disorder in a subject resulting from the administration of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent.

As used herein, the term “in combination” refers to the use of more than one prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent. The use of the term “in combination” does not restrict the order in which prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents are administered to a subject. A first prophylactic or therapeutic agent can be administered prior to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second prophylactic or therapeutic agent to a subject. The prophylactic or therapeutic agents are administered to a subject in a sequence and within a time interval such that the agent of the invention can act together with the other agent to provide an increased benefit than if they were administered otherwise. Any additional prophylactic or therapeutic agent can be administered in any order with the other additional prophylactic or therapeutic agents.

As used herein, the term “RYK-associated activity” refers to a function performed by RYK including the ability of RYK to specifically bind to or otherwise modulate Wnt, and/or Frizzled, and/or Dishevelled. The term “RYK-associated activity” also refers to a function performed by RYK that is associated with other Wnt pathways not involving Frizzled and a function performed by RYK that is independent of Wnt proteins. Accordingly, an agent that modulates RYK-associated activity will also modulate RYK mediated signal transduction activity (e.g., reduce or inhibit). As used herein, the term “RYK mediated signal transduction activity” refers to the signaling pathway that is initiated by the binding of Wnt to RYK or to RYK and Frizzled, is transmitted via Dishevelled, and ends in expression of one or more genes (e.g., TCF) or the activation of one or more proteins (e.g. RhoA).

The phrase “inhibit” or “antagonize” RYK-associated activity and its cognates refer to a reduction, inhibition, or otherwise diminution of at least one activity of RYK due to binding an anti-RYK antibody, wherein the reduction is relative to the activity of RYK in the absence of the same antibody. The activity can be measured using any technique known in the art, including, for example, as described in Example 6. Inhibition or antagonism does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of the biological activity of RYK. A reduction in activity may be about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more.

As used herein the term “RYK-associated condition” refers to a physiological or pathophysiological state where expression or overexpression of RYK in a cell or tissue leads to increased RYK mediated signal transduction and consequent gene expression. Such gene expression can result in increased cellular growth and/or proliferation and/or differentiation. As a non-limiting example, a RYK-associated condition can be cancer. In a further non-limiting example, a RYK-associated condition can be peripheral nerve or spinal cord injury.

As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to a disease involving cells that have the potential to metastasize to distal sites and exhibit phenotypic traits that differ from those of non-cancer cells. Cancer cells acquire a characteristic set of functional capabilities during their development, albeit through various mechanisms. Such capabilities include evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, tissue invasion/metastasis, limitless replicative potential, and sustained angiogenesis.

As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably. As used herein, a subject is preferably a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey and human), most preferably a human.

In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention can be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic or prophylactic agents useful in the treatment, prevention or management of cancer. In certain embodiments, one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention are administered to a mammal, preferably a human, concurrently with one or more other therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of a condition, disease or disorder associated with RYK, The term “concurrently” is not limited to the administration of prophylactic or therapeutic agents at exactly the same time, but rather it is meant that the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention and the other agent are administered to a subject in a sequence and within a time interval such that the antibodies of the invention can act together with the other agent to provide an increased benefit than if they were administered otherwise. For example, each prophylactic or therapeutic agent may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time; however, if not administered at the same time, they should be administered sufficiently close in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Each therapeutic agent can be administered separately, in any appropriate form and by any suitable route. In other embodiments, the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention are administered before, concurrently or after surgery. Preferably the surgery completely removes localized tumors or reduces the size of large tumors. Surgery can also be done as a preventive measure or to relieve pain.

As used herein, the terms “prophylactic agent” and “prophylactic agents” refer to any agent(s) that can be used in the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread of a disorder associated with RYK overexpression, particularly cancer. In certain embodiments, the term “prophylactic agent” refers to anti-RYK antibody. In certain other embodiments, the terms “prophylactic agent” and “prophylactic agents” refer to cancer chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy (e.g., immunotherapy), and/or anti-RYK antibodies of the invention. In other embodiments, more than one prophylactic agent may be administered in combination.

In one embodiment, the one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention comprise scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1. In other embodiments, variants of scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1, e.g., with one or more amino acid substitutions, particularly in the variable domain, are provided that have increased activity, binding ability, etc., as compared to scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1.

In various embodiments, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents are administered less than 1 hour apart, at about 1 hour apart, at about 1 hour to about 2 hours apart, at about 2 hours to about 3 hours apart, at about 3 hours to about 4 hours apart, at about 4 hours to about 5 hours apart, at about 5 hours to about 6 hours apart, at about 6 hours to about 7 hours apart, at about 7 hours to about 8 hours apart, at about 8 hours to about 9 hours apart, at about 9 hours to about 10 hours apart, at about 10 hours to about 11 hours apart, at about 11 hours to about 12 hours apart, no more than 24 hours apart or no more than 48 hours apart. In further embodiments, two or more components are administered within the same patient visit.

The dosage amounts and frequencies of administration provided herein are encompassed by the terms therapeutically effective and prophylactically effective. The dosage and frequency further will typically vary according to factors specific for each patient depending on the specific therapeutic or prophylactic agents administered, the severity and type of cancer, the route of administration, as well as age, body weight, response, and the past medical history of the patient. Suitable regimens can be selected by one skilled in the art by considering such factors and by following, for example, dosages reported in the literature and recommended in the Physicians' Desk Reference (58^(th) ed., 2004).

The invention provides methods for treating, preventing, and managing a condition, disease or disorder by administering to a subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention. In another embodiment, the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention can be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents. The subject is preferably a mammal such as non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats, etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey, such as a cynomolgous monkey and a human). In a further embodiment, the subject is a human.

Specific examples of cancers that can be treated by the methods encompassed by the invention include, but are not limited to, cancers that overexpress RYK. In a further embodiment, the cancer is of an epithelial origin. Examples of such cancers are selected from the group comprising cancer of the lung, colon, prostate, breast, and skin. In particular embodiments, methods of the invention can be used to treat and/or prevent metastasis from primary tumors.

The methods and compositions of the invention comprise the administration of one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention to subjects/patients suffering from or expected to suffer from cancer, e.g., have a genetic predisposition for a particular type of cancer, have been exposed to a carcinogen, or are in remission from a particular cancer. As used herein, “cancer” refers to primary or metastatic cancers. Such patients may or may not have been previously treated for cancer. The methods and compositions of the invention may be used as a first line or second line cancer treatment. Included in the invention is also the treatment of patients undergoing other cancer therapies and the methods and compositions of the invention can be used before any adverse effects or intolerance of these other cancer therapies occurs. The invention also encompasses methods for administering one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention to treat or ameliorate symptoms in refractory patients. In a certain embodiment, that a cancer is refractory to a therapy means that at least some significant portion of the cancer cells are not killed or their cell division arrested. The determination of whether the cancer cells are refractory can be made either in vivo or in vitro by any method known in the art for assaying the effectiveness of treatment on cancer cells, using the art-accepted meanings of “refractory” in such a context. In various embodiments, a cancer is refractory where the number of cancer cells has not been significantly reduced, or has increased. The invention also encompasses methods for administering one or more anti-RYK antibodies to prevent the onset or recurrence of cancer in patients predisposed to having cancer. In one embodiment, the monoclonal antibody is scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1.

In particular embodiments, the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention, or other therapeutics that reduce RYK expression, are administered to reverse resistance or reduce sensitivity of cancer cells to certain hormonal, radiation and chemotherapeutic agents thereby resensitizing the cancer cells to one or more of these agents, which can then be administered (or continue to be administered) to treat or manage cancer, including to prevent metastasis.

In alternate embodiments, the invention provides methods for treating patients' cancer by administering one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention in combination with any other treatment or to patients who have proven refractory to other treatments but are no longer on these treatments. In one embodiment, the anti-RYK antibody is scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1. In certain embodiments, the patients being treated by the methods of the invention are patients already being treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapy/immunotherapy. Among these patients are refractory patients and those with cancer despite treatment with existing cancer therapies. In other embodiments, the patients have been treated and have no disease activity and one or more antibodies of the invention are administered to prevent the recurrence of cancer.

In certain embodiments, the existing treatment is chemotherapy. In particular embodiments, the existing treatment includes administration of chemotherapies including, but not limited to, methotrexate, taxol, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, hydroxyurea, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, nitrosoureas, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin, dacarbazine, procarbazine, etoposides, campathecins, bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, plicamycin, mitoxantrone, asparaginase, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc. Among these patients are patients treated with radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and/or biological therapy/immunotherapy. Also among these patients are those who have undergone surgery for the treatment of cancer.

Alternatively, the invention also encompasses methods for treating patients undergoing or having undergone radiation therapy. Among these are patients being treated or previously treated with chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and/or biological therapy/immunotherapy. Also among these patients are those who have undergone surgery for the treatment of cancer.

In other embodiments, the invention encompasses methods for treating patients undergoing or having undergone hormonal therapy and/or biological therapy/immunotherapy. Among these are patients being treated or having been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Also among these patients are those who have undergone surgery for the treatment of cancer.

Additionally, the invention also provides methods of treatment of cancer as an alternative to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and/or biological therapy/immunotherapy where the therapy has proven or may prove too toxic, i.e., results in unacceptable or unbearable side effects, for the subject being treated. The subject being treated with the methods of the invention may, optionally, be treated with other cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy or biological therapy, depending on which treatment was found to be unacceptable or unbearable.

In other embodiments, the invention provides administration of one or more monoclonal antibodies of the invention without any other cancer therapies for the treatment of cancer, but who have proved refractory to such treatments. In specific embodiments, patients refractory to other cancer therapies are administered one or more monoclonal antibodies in the absence of cancer therapies.

Cancers and related disorders that can be treated or prevented by methods and compositions of the present invention include but are not limited to cancers of an epithelial cell origin. Examples of such cancers include the following: bone and connective tissue sarcomas such as but not limited to bone sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma of bone, chordoma, periosteal sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, neurilemmoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma; brain tumors such as but not limited to, glioma, astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, nonglial tumor, acoustic neurinoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, primary brain lymphoma; ovarian cancers such as but not limited to, ovarian epithelial carcinoma, borderline tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor; In addition, cancers include myxosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, mesothelioma, synovioma, hemangioblastoma, epithelial carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinomas (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and Murphy et al., 1997, Informed Decisions: The Complete Book of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery, Viking Penguin, Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc., United States of America).

It is also contemplated that cancers caused by aberrations in apoptosis would also be treated by the methods and compositions of the invention. Such cancers may include but are not be limited to carcinomas with p53 mutations, hormone-dependent tumors of the ovary. In specific embodiments, malignancy or dysproliferative changes (such as metaplasias and dysplasias), or hyperproliferative disorders, are treated or prevented in the bone and connective tissue, brain or ovary.

In some embodiments, the cancer is malignant and overexpresses RYK. In other embodiments, the disorder to be treated is a pre-cancerous condition associated with cells that overexpress RYK.

In preferred embodiment, the present invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment and/or prevention of ovarian, brain or bone cancer.

In some embodiments, therapy by administration of one or more monoclonal antibodies is combined with the administration of one or more therapies such as, but not limited to, chemotherapies, radiation therapies, hormonal therapies, and/or biological therapies/immunotherapies. Prophylactic/therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, proteinaceous molecules, including, but not limited to, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, including post-translationally modified proteins, antibodies etc.; or small molecules (less than 1000 daltons), inorganic or organic compounds; or nucleic acid molecules including, but not limited to, double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded or single-stranded RNA, as well as triple helix nucleic acid molecules. Prophylactic/therapeutic agents can be derived from any known organism (including, but not limited to, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and protista, or viruses) or from a library of synthetic molecules.

In a specific embodiment, the methods of the invention encompass administration of an antibody of the invention in combination with the administration of one or more prophylactic/therapeutic agents that are inhibitors of kinases such as, but not limited to, ABL, ACK, AFK, AKT (e.g., AKT-1, AKT-2, and AKT-3), ALK, AMP-PK, ATM, Aurora1, Aurora2, bARK1, bArk2, BLK, BMX, BTK, CAK, CaM kinase, CDC2, CDK, CK, COT, CTD, DNA-PK, EGF-R, ErbB-1, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, ErbB-4, ERK (e.g., ERK1, ERK2, ERK3, ERK4, ERK5, ERK6, ERK7), ERT-PK, FAK, FGR (e.g., FGF1R, FGF2R), FLT (e.g., FLT-1, FLT-2, FLT-3, FLT-4), FRK, FYN, GSK (e.g., GSK1, GSK2, GSK3-alpha, GSK3-beta, GSK4, GSK5), G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), HCK, HER2, HKII, JAK (e.g., JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JAK4), JNK (e.g., JNK1, JNK2, JNK3), KDR, KIT, IGF-1 receptor, IKK-1, IKK-2, INSR (insulin receptor), IRAK1, IRAK2, IRK, ITK, LCK, LOK, LYN, MAPK, MAPKAPK-1, MAPKAPK-2, MEK, MET, MFPK, MHCK, MLCK, MLK3, NEU, NIK, PDGF receptor alpha, PDGF receptor beta, PHK, PI-3 kinase, PKA, PKB, PKC, PKG, PRK1, PYK2, p38 kinases, p135tyk2, p34cdc2, p42cdc2, p42mapk, p44mpk, RAF, RET, RIP, RIP-2, RK, RON, RS kinase, SRC, SYK, S6K, TAK1, TEC, TIE1, TIE2, TRKA, TXK, TYK2, UL13, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, YES, YRK, ZAP-70, and all subtypes of these kinases (see e.g., Hardie and Hanks (1995) The Protein Kinase Facts Book, I and II, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).

In further embodiments, an antibody of the invention is administered in combination with the administration of one or more prophylactic/therapeutic agents that are inhibitors of RYK or other RTKs, or inhibitors of Wnt signaling. In yet another embodiment, an antibody of the invention is administered in combination with the administration of one or more prophylactic/therapeutic agents that are inhibitors of RYK.

In another specific embodiment, the methods of the invention encompass administration of an antibody of the invention in combination with the administration of one or more prophylactic/therapeutic agents that are angiogenesis inhibitors such as, but not limited to: Angiostatin (plasminogen fragment); antiangiogenic antithrombin III; Angiozyme; ABT-627; Bay 12-9566; Benefin; Bevacizumab; BMS-275291; cartilage-derived inhibitor (CDI); CAI; CD59 complement fragment; CEP-7055; Col 3; Combretastatin A-4; Endostatin (collagen XVIII fragment); fibronectin fragment; Gro-beta; Halofuginone; heparinases; heparin hexasaccharide fragment; HMV833; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); IM-862; interferon alpha/beta/gamma; interferon inducible protein (IP-10); interleukin-12; kringle 5 (plasminogen fragment); Marimastat; metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs); 2-methoxyestradiol; MMI 270 (CGS 27023A); MoAb IMC-1C11; Neovastat; NM-3; Panzem; PI-88; placental ribonuclease inhibitor; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platelet factor-4 (PF4); Prinomastat; prolactin 16kD fragment; proliferin-related protein (PRP); PTK 787/ZK 222594; retinoids; Solimastat; Squalamine; SS3304; SU5416; SU6668; SU11248; tetrahydrocortisol-S; tetrathiomolybdate; thalidomide; thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1); TNP-470; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β); Vasculostatin; Vasostatin (calreticulin fragment); ZD6126; ZD6474; farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTI); and bisphosphonates.

In another specific embodiment, the methods of the invention encompass administration of an antibody of the invention in combination with the administration of one or more prophylactic/therapeutic agents that are anti-cancer agents such as, but not limited to: acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine, adozelesin, aldesleukin, altretamine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, anthramycin, asparaginase, asperlin, azacitidine, azetepa, azotomycin, batimastat, benzodepa, bicalutamide, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisnafide dimesylate, bizelesin, bleomycin sulfate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine, busulfan, cactinomycin, calusterone, caracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine, carubicin hydrochloride, carzelesin, cedefingol, chlorambucil, cirolemycin, cisplatin, cladribine, crisnatol mesylate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decarbazine, decitabine, dexormaplatin, dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolone propionate, duazomycin, edatrexate, eflornithine hydrochloride, elsamitrucin, enloplatin, enpromate, epipropidine, epirubicin hydrochloride, erbulozole, esorubicin hydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, etanidazole, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, etoprine, fadrozole hydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil, flurocitabine, fosquidone, fostriecin sodium, gemcitabine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, idarubicin hydrochloride, ifosfamide, ilmofosine, interleukin 2 (including recombinant interleukin 2, or rIL2), interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-n1, interferon alpha-n3, interferon beta-1a, interferon gamma-1b, iproplatin, irinotecan hydrochloride, lanreotide acetate, letrozole, leuprolide acetate, liarozole hydrochloride, lometrexol sodium, lomustine, losoxantrone hydrochloride, masoprocol, maytansine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, melphalan, menogaril, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoprine, meturedepa, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitosper, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolic acid, nitrosoureas, nocodazole, nogalamycin, ormaplatin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, peliomycin, pentamustine, peplomycin sulfate, perfosfamide, pipobroman, piposulfan, piroxantrone hydrochloride, plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine, procarbazine hydrochloride, puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, pyrazofurin, riboprine, rogletimide, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, semustine, simtrazene, sparfosate sodium, sparsomycin, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, sulofenur, talisomycin, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, teloxantrone hydrochloride, temoporfin, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone, thiamiprine, thioguanine, thiotepa, tiazofurin, tirapazamine, toremifene citrate, trestolone acetate, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate, trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tubulozole hydrochloride, uracil mustard, uredepa, vapreotide, verteporfin, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidine sulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinzolidine sulfate, vorozole, zeniplatin, zinostatin, zorubicin hydrochloride. Other anti-cancer drugs include, but are not limited to: 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, 5-ethynyluracil, abiraterone, aclarubicin, acylfulvene, adecypenol, adozelesin, aldesleukin, ALL-TK antagonists, altretamine, ambamustine, amidox, amifostine, aminolevulinic acid, amrubicin, amsacrine, anagrelide, anastrozole, andrographolide, angiogenesis inhibitors, antagonist D, antagonist G, antarelix, anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1, antiandrogens, antiestrogens, antineoplaston, aphidicolin glycinate, apoptosis gene modulators, apoptosis regulators, apurinic acid, ara-CDP-DL-PTBA, arginine deaminase, asulacrine, atamestane, atrimustine, axinastatin 1, axinastatin 2, axinastatin 3, azasetron, azatoxin, azatyrosine, baccatin III derivatives, balanol, batimastat, BCR/ABL antagonists, benzochlorins, benzoylstaurosporine, beta lactam derivatives, beta-alethine, betaclamycin B, betulinic acid, bFGF inhibitor, bicalutamide, bisantrene, bisaziridinylspermine, bisnafide, bistratene A, bizelesin, breflate, bropirimine, budotitane, buthionine sulfoximine, calcipotriol, calphostin C, camptothecin derivatives, canarypox IL-2, capecitabine, carboxamide-amino-triazole, carboxyamidotriazole, CaRest M3, CARN 700, cartilage derived inhibitor, carzelesin, casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS), castanospermine, cecropin B, cetrorelix, chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide, cicaprost, cis-porphyrin, cladribine, clomifene analogues, clotrimazole, collismycin A, collismycin B, combretastatin A4, combretastatin analogue, conagenin, crambescidin 816, crisnatol, cryptophycin 8, cryptophycin A derivatives, curacin A, cyclopentanthraquinones, cycloplatam, cypemycin, cytarabine ocfosfate, cytolytic factor, cytostatin, dacliximab, decitabine, dehydrodidemnin B, deslorelin, dexamethasone, dexifosfamide, dexrazoxane, dexverapamil, diaziquone, didemnin B, didox, diethylnorspermine, dihydro-5-azacytidine, dihydrotaxol, dioxamycin, diphenyl spiromustine, docetaxel, docosanol, dolasetron, doxifluridine, droloxifene, dronabinol, duocarmycin SA, ebselen, ecomustine, edelfosine, edrecolomab, eflornithine, elemene, emitefur, epirubicin, epristeride, estramustine analogue, estrogen agonists, estrogen antagonists, etanidazole, etoposide phosphate, exemestane, fadrozole, fazarabine, fenretinide, filgrastim, finasteride, flavopiridol, flezelastine, fluasterone, fludarabine, fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride, forfenimex, formestane, fostriecin, fotemustine, gadolinium texaphyrin, gallium nitrate, galocitabine, ganirelix, gelatinase inhibitors, gemcitabine, glutathione inhibitors, hepsulfam, heregulin, hexamethylene bisacetamide, hypericin, ibandronic acid, idarubicin, idoxifene, idramantone, ilmofosine, ilomastat, imidazoacridones, imiquimod, immunostimulant peptides, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor, interferon agonists, interferons, interleukins, iobenguane, iododoxorubicin, ipomeanol, iroplact, irsogladine, isobengazole, isohomohalicondrin B, itasetron, jasplakinolide, kahalalide F, lamellarin-N triacetate, lanreotide, leinamycin, lenograstim, lentinan sulfate, leptolstatin, letrozole, leukemia inhibiting factor, leukocyte alpha interferon, leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone, leuprorelin, levamisole, liarozole, linear polyamine analogue, lipophilic disaccharide peptide, lipophilic platinum compounds, lissoclinamide 7, lobaplatin, lombricine, lometrexol, lonidamine, losoxantrone, lovastatin, loxoribine, lurtotecan, lutetium texaphyrin, lysofylline, lytic peptides, maitansine, mannostatin A, marimastat, masoprocol, maspin, matrilysin inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, menogaril, merbarone, meterelin, methioninase, metoclopramide, MIF inhibitor, mifepristone, miltefosine, mirimostim, mismatched double stranded RNA, mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomycin analogues, mitonafide, mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin, mitoxantrone, mofarotene, molgramostim, monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin, monophosphoryl lipid A/mycobacterium cell wall skeleton, mopidamol, multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor, multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy, mustard anticancer agent, mycaperoxide B, mycobacterial cell wall extract, myriaporone, N-acetyldinaline, N-substituted benzamides, nafarelin, nagrestip, naloxone+pentazocine, napavin, naphterpin, nartograstim, nedaplatin, nemorubicin, neridronic acid, neutral endopeptidase, nilutamide, nisamycin, nitric oxide modulators, nitroxide antioxidant, nitrullyn, O6-benzylguanine, octreotide, okicenone, oligonucleotides, onapristone, ondansetron, ondansetron, oracin, oral cytokine inducer, ormaplatin, osaterone, oxaliplatin, oxaunomycin, paclitaxel, paclitaxel analogues, paclitaxel derivatives, palauamine, palmitoylrhizoxin, pamidronic acid, panaxytriol, panomifene, parabactin, pazelliptine, pegaspargase, peldesine, pentosan polysulfate sodium, pentostatin, pentrozole, perflubron, perfosfamide, perillyl alcohol, phenazinomycin, phenylacetate, phosphatase inhibitors, picibanil, pilocarpine hydrochloride, pirarubicin, piritrexim, placetin A, placetin B, plasminogen activator inhibitor, platinum complex, platinum compounds, platinum-triamine complex, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednisone, propyl bis-acridone, prostaglandin J2, proteasome inhibitors, protein A-based immune modulator, protein kinase C inhibitor, protein kinase C inhibitors (microalgal), protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors, purpurins, pyrazoloacridine, pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate, raf antagonists, raltitrexed, ramosetron, ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors, ras inhibitors, ras-GAP inhibitor, retelliptine demethylated, rhenium Re 186 etidronate, rhizoxin, ribozymes, RII retinamide, rogletimide, rohitukine, romurtide, roquinimex, rubiginone B1, ruboxyl, safingol, saintopin, SarCNU, sarcophytol A, sargramostim, Sdi 1 mimetics, semustine, senescence derived inhibitor 1, sense oligonucleotides, signal transduction inhibitors, signal transduction modulators, single chain antigen binding protein, sizofiran, sobuzoxane, sodium borocaptate, sodium phenylacetate, solverol, somatomedin binding protein, sonermin, sparfosic acid, spicamycin D, spiromustine, splenopentin, spongistatin 1, squalamine, stem cell inhibitor, stem cell division inhibitors, stipiamide, stromelysin inhibitors, sulfinosine, superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist, suradista, suramin, swainsonine, synthetic glycosaminoglycans, tallimustine, tamoxifen methiodide, tauromustine, taxol, tazarotene, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, tellurapyrylium, telomerase inhibitors, temoporfin, temozolomide, teniposide, tetrachlorodecaoxide, tetrazomine, thaliblastine, thalidomide, thiocoraline, thioguanine, thrombopoietin, thrombopoietin mimetic, thymalfasin, thymopoietin receptor agonist, thymotrinan, thyroid stimulating hormone, tin ethyl etiopurpurin, tirapazamine, titanocene bichloride, topsentin, toremifene, totipotent stem cell factor, translation inhibitors, tretinoin, triacetyluridine, triciribine, trimetrexate, triptorelin, tropisetron, turosteride, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostins, UBC inhibitors, ubenimex, urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor, urokinase receptor antagonists, vapreotide, variolin B, vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy, velaresol, veramine, verdins, verteporfin, vinorelbine, vinxaltine, vitaxin, vorozole, zanoterone, zeniplatin, zilascorb, and zinostatin stimalamer. Preferred additional anti-cancer drugs are 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.

In more particular embodiments, the present invention also comprises the administration of one or more monoclonal antibodies of the invention in combination with the administration of one or more therapies such as, but not limited to anti-cancer agents such as those disclosed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Therapeutic Agent Administration Dose Intervals doxorubicin Intravenous 60-75 mg/m² on Day 1 21 day intervals hydrochloride (Adriamycin RDF ® and Adriamycin PFS ®) epirubicin Intravenous 100-120 mg/m² on Day 3-4 week cycles hydrochloride 1 of each cycle or (Ellence ™) divided equally and given on Days 1-8 of the cycle fluorouracil Intravenous How supplied: 5 ml and 10 ml vials (containing 250 and 500 mg flourouracil respectively) docetaxel Intravenous 60-100 mg/m² over 1 Once every 3 weeks (Taxotere ®) hour paclitaxel Intravenous 175 mg/m² over 3 hours Every 3 weeks for 4 (Taxol ®) courses (administered sequentially to doxorubicin-containing combination chemotherapy) tamoxifen citrate Oral 20-40 mg Daily (Nolvadex ®) (tablet) Dosages greater than 20 mg should be given in divided doses (morning and evening) leucovorin calcium Intravenous or How supplied: Dosage is unclear from for injection intramuscular 350 mg vial text. PDR 3610 injection luprolide acetate Single 1 mg (0.2 ml or 20 unit Once a day (Lupron ®) subcutaneous mark) injection flutamide Oral (capsule) 250 mg 3 times a day at 8 hour (Eulexin ®) (capsules contain 125 intervals (total daily mg flutamide each) dosage 750 mg) nilutamide Oral 300 mg or 150 mg 300 mg once a day for (Nilandron ®) (tablet) (tablets contain 50 or 30 days followed by 150 mg nilutamide each) 150 mg once a day bicalutamide Oral 50 mg Once a day (Casodex ®) (tablet) (tablets contain 50 mg bicalutamide each) progesterone Injection USP in sesame oil 50 mg/ml ketoconazole Cream 2% cream applied once (Nizoral ®) or twice daily depending on symptoms prednisone Oral Initial dosage may vary (tablet) from 5 mg to 60 mg per day depending on the specific disease entity being treated. estramustine Oral 14 mg/kg of body weight Daily given in 3 or 4 phosphate sodium (capsule) (i.e. one 140 mg capsule divided doses (Emcyt ®) for each 10 kg or 22 lb of body weight) etoposide or VP- Intravenous 5 ml of 20 mg/ml 16 solution (100 mg) dacarbazine Intravenous 2-4.5 mg/kg Once a day for 10 days. (DTIC-Dome ®) May be repeated at 4 week intervals polifeprosan 20 Wafer placed 8 wafers, each with carmustine in resection containing 7.7 mg of implant (BCNU) cavity carmustine, for a total of (nitrosourea) 61.6 mg, if size and (Gliadel ®) shape of resection cavity allows cisplatin Injection [n/a in PDR 861] How supplied: solution of 1 mg/ml in multi-dose vials of 50 mL and 100 mL mitomycin Injection Supplied in 5 mg and 20 mg vials (containing 5 mg and 20 mg mitomycin) gemcitabine HCl Intravenous For NSCLC: 2 4 week schedule- (Gemzar ®) schedules have been Days 1, 8 and 15 of investigated and the each 28-day cycle. optimum schedule has Cisplatin intravenously not been determined. at 100 mg/m² on day 1 4 week schedule- after the infusion of administration Gemzar. intravenously at 1000 3 week schedule- mg/m² over 30 minutes; Days 1 and 8 of each 3 week schedule- 21 day cycle. Cisplatin Gemzar administered at dosage of 100 mg/m² intravenously at 1250 administered mg/m² over 30 minutes intravenously after administration of Gemzar on day 1. carboplatin Intravenous Single agent therapy: Every 4 weeks (Paraplatin ®) 360 mg/m² I.V. on day 1 (infusion lasting 15 minutes or longer) Other dosage calculations: Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide, dose adjustment recommendations, formula dosing, etc. ifosamide Intravenous 1.2 g/m² daily 5 consecutive days. (Ifex ®) Repeat every 3 weeks or after recovery from hematologic toxicity topotecan Intravenous 1.5 mg/m² by 5 consecutive days, hydrochloride intravenous infusion starting on day 1 of 21 (Hycamtin ®) over 30 minutes daily day course

The invention also encompasses administration of the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention in combination with radiation therapy comprising the use of x-rays, gamma rays and other sources of radiation to destroy the cancer cells. In further embodiments, the radiation treatment is administered as external beam radiation or teletherapy wherein the radiation is directed from a remote source. In other embodiments, the radiation treatment is administered as internal therapy or brachytherapy wherein a radioactive source is placed inside the body close to cancer cells or a tumor mass.

Cancer therapies and their dosages, routes of administration and recommended usage are known in the art and have been described in such literature as the Physicians' Desk Reference (58^(th) ed., 2004).

The invention also provides a method of inhibiting neurodegeneration and/or promoting functional recovery in a human patient suffering, or at risk of developing, a stroke or other neurological disease/disorder or injury, which comprises administering to said human in need thereof an effective amount of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

As used herein, “neurodegeneration” refers to the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. As used herein, the term “neurological disease/disorder” or “neurological injury” refers to a disease, disorder or injury to the central or peripheral nervous system.

In addition, the invention provides the use of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof in the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting neurodegeneration and/or promoting functional recovery in a human patient afflicted with, or at risk of developing, a stroke and other neurological disease/disorder or injury.

“Neurological diseases” or “-disorders” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, fronto-temporal dementias (tauopathies), peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

In a further aspect there is provided a method of treating stroke (particularly ischemic stroke), brain injury, spinal cord injury, fronto-temporal dementias (tauopathies), peripheral neuropathy, peripheral nerve injury, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in a human patient which method comprises the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-RYK antibody of the invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of inhibiting corticospinal tract axon retraction in a human subject which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

The invention also provides a method of promoting axonal growth and regeneration comprising the step of contacting a human axon with an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. This method may be performed in vitro or in vivo; preferably the method is performed in vivo.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of inhibiting neurite outgrowth in a human subject which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention (e.g. an anti-RYK antibody comprising the CDRs set forth herein) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of stroke (particularly ischemic stroke), brain injury, spinal cord injury, fronto-temporal dementias (tauopathies), peripheral neuropathy, peripheral nerve injury, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a human patient.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention (e.g. an anti-RYK antibody comprising the CDRs set forth herein) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of axon retraction in a subject in need thereof.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention (e.g. an anti-RYK antibody comprising the CDRs set forth herein) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the promotion of axonal growth and regeneration in a subject in need thereof.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention (e.g. an anti-RYK antibody comprising the CDRs set forth herein) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of neurite outgrowth in a subject in need thereof.

Stem cells and progenitor cells are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into various functional cell types. Various categories of stem cells include totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and monopotent stem cells. Totipotency refers to the ability of a stem cell to form all cell types including extraembryonic tissue. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of unlimited self-renewal and can differentiate into any adult cell type (e.g. embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent cells (iPS) cells). Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of different cell types (e.g. hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)). Multipotent stem cells can give rise to progenitor cells which can be multipotent (e.g. cardiac progenitor cells can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells or cardiomyocytes) or monopotent, giving rise to only one cell type (e.g. myeloid progenitor cells, endothelial progenitor cells).

Given their role in development, and in maintaining and repairing senescent or diseased adult tissues, stem and progenitor cells represent a means by which aged or diseased tissues may be treated or regenerated. Additionally, the capacity to reprogram fully differentiated adult cells to pluripotency and direct the differentiation of these cells to specific cell types can facilitate disease modeling, drug screening, and patient-specific cell therapy.

Wnt signaling has been reported to play a role in the maintenance of pluripotency in murine and human pluripotent stem cells, in the self-renewal of undifferentiated adult stem cells in multiple tissues as well as the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that manipulation of Wnt signaling can modulate the clonogenic potential, survival and differentiation of human stem cells.

Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method of modulating the self-renewal or differentiation of a stem or progenitor cell comprising the step of contacting a stem or progenitor cell with an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

Wnt signaling has been implicated in directing the differentiation of cells towards mesodermal and endodermal lineages and blocking differentiation towards the neuroectodermal lineage. In a particular embodiment, the method is directed towards modulating the neuroectodermal potential of a stem or progenitor cell.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of generating a neural stem cell, neuroepithelial progenitor cell, an astrocyte, oligodendrocyte or neuron comprising the step of contacting a cell with an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

As used herein the term “differentiation” and derivatives thereof, refers to the process of the elaboration of particular characteristics, such as marker expression, associated with an end-stage or specialized cell or a cell in the process of becoming a specialized cell. The term is also intended to refer to the process of a specialized or “differentiated” cell of one identity or type transitioning or changing to an alternate identity or type.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a neural stem cell, neuroepithelial progenitor cell, an astrocyte, oligodendrocyte or neuron produced by the method of contacting a cell with an anti-RYK antibody of the present invention, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

Antibodies of the invention specifically bind to the WIF domain of human RYK and may inhibit the interaction of Wnt and RYK as well as inhibit downstream Wnt signaling including phosphorylation of Dishevelled protein (Dvl2 and Dvl3). Any method known in the art to assay either the level of binding to the WIF domain of human RYK or phosphorylation of Dishevelled, or downstream activity or gene expression associated with Wnt signaling can be used to assay candidate anti-RYK antibodies to determine their activity.

Thus, based on the knowledge of the antibodies of the present invention, the invention provides methods of assaying and screening for anti-RYK antibodies by incubating antibodies that bind the extracellular domain of human RYK, particularly that specifically bind to the WIF domain of human RYK, with RYK protein or protein constructs or cells that express human RYK. Such methods are set forth in the Examples 1 and 3 below.

Any method known in the art to determine candidate anti-RYK antibody binding/localization on a cell can be used to screen candidate antibodies for desirable binding properties. In one embodiment, flow cytometry is used to determine the binding characteristics of an antibody. In another embodiment, cell-based or immunoassays are used to determine the binding characteristics of an antibody. In this embodiment, antibodies that can compete with a RYK ligand (e.g., Wnt 1, Wnt3a or Wnt5a) for binding to RYK can also be identified. The RYK ligand used in this assay can be soluble protein (e.g., recombinantly expressed) or expressed on a cell so that it is anchored to the cell surface.

In a specific embodiment, the protein construct is fused to the Fc region of human IgG₁. In this embodiment, antibodies may be detected using an enzyme immune assay. In another specific embodiment, the antibodies are selected for their ability to compete with ligands (e.g., cell-anchored or purified ligands) that interact with the extracellular domain of human RYK. These antibodies may be screened using routine immunological techniques, including cell-based or ELISA assays.

Toxicity and efficacy of the prophylactic and/or therapeutic protocols of the instant invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such agents to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to normal cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage of the prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents for use in humans. The dosage of such agents lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any agent used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

The activity of the therapies used in accordance with the present invention also can be determined by using various experimental animal models for the study of cancer or peripheral nerve injury or spinal cord injury, such as the SCID mouse model or transgenic mice where a murine RYK is replaced with the human RYK, nude mice with human xenografts, or any animal model (including hamsters, rabbits, etc.) known in the art and described in Relevance of Tumor Models for Anticancer Drug Development (1999, eds. Fiebig and Burger); Contributions to Oncology (1999, Karger); The Nude Mouse in Oncology Research (1991, eds. Boven and Winograd); Anticancer Drug Development Guide (1997 ed. Teicher) and Animal Models of Acute Neurological injuries Contemporary Neuroscience (2008 eds. Chen, Xu, Xu and Zhang), herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The protocols and compositions of the invention are preferably tested in vitro, and then in vivo, for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific therapeutic protocol is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a protocol, and the effect of such a protocol upon the tissue sample is observed, e.g., decreased Wnt signaling or phosphorylation of Dishevelled. A lower level of proliferation or survival of the contacted cells indicates that the therapeutic agent is effective to treat the condition in the patient. Alternatively, decreased Wnt-induced neurite outgrowth in neurons indicates that the therapeutic agent is effective to treat the condition in the patient. Alternatively, instead of culturing cells from a patient, therapeutic agents and methods may be screened using cells of a cell line, including a tumor or malignant cell line. Many assays standard in the art can be used to assess such survival and/or growth; for example, cell proliferation can be assayed by measuring ³H-thymidine incorporation, by direct cell count, by detecting changes in transcriptional activity of known genes such as proto-oncogenes (e.g., fos, myc) or cell cycle markers; cell viability can be assessed by trypan blue staining, differentiation can be assessed visually based on changes in morphology, etc.

Compounds for use in therapy can be tested in suitable animal model systems prior to testing in humans, including but not limited to in rats, mice, chicken, cows, monkeys, rabbits, hamsters, etc., for example, the animal models described above. The compounds can then be used in the appropriate clinical trials.

Further, any assays known to those skilled in the art can be used to evaluate the prophylactic and/or therapeutic utility of the combinatorial therapies disclosed herein for treatment or prevention of a condition, disease or disorder as discussed herein.

The compositions of the invention include bulk drug compositions useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., impure or non-sterile compositions) and pharmaceutical compositions (i.e., compositions that are suitable for administration to a subject or patient) which can be used in the preparation of unit dosage forms. Such compositions comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent disclosed herein or a combination of those agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, compositions of the invention comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a further embodiment, the composition of the invention further comprises an additional anti-cancer agent. In a specific embodiment, additional anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, biological therapeutics and immunotherapeutic agents.

In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete) or, more preferably, MF59C.1 adjuvant available from Chiron, Emeryville, Calif.), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.

Generally, the ingredients of compositions of the invention are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachet indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.

Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a monoclonal antibody of the invention or the combination of a monoclonal antibody of the invention and a prophylactic agent or therapeutic agent useful for preventing or treating cancer, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the antibody or antibody fragment, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc. Methods of administering a prophylactic or therapeutic agent of the invention include, but are not limited to, parenteral administration (e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous), epidural, and mucosal (e.g., intranasal, inhaled, and oral routes). In a specific embodiment, prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the invention are administered intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. The prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.

In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the invention locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion, by injection, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In yet another embodiment, the prophylactic or therapeutic agent can be delivered in a controlled release or sustained release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used to achieve controlled or sustained release (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Grit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:20; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustained release of the antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof (see e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release Technology, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Press., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; see also Levy et al., 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 7 1:105); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,679,377; 5,916,597; 5,912,015; 5,989,463; 5,128,326; International Publication Nos. WO 99/15154 and WO 99/20253. Examples of polymers used in sustained release formulations include, but are not limited to, poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides (PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA), poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters. In a further embodiment, the polymer used in a sustained release formulation is inert, free of leachable impurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable. In yet another embodiment, a controlled or sustained release system can be placed in proximity of the prophylactic or therapeutic target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release Technology, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).

Controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990, Science 249:1527-1533). Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more therapeutic agents of the invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,938; International Publication Nos. WO 91/05548 and WO 96/20698; Ning et al., 1996, Radiotherapy & Oncology 39:179-189; Song et al., 1995, PDA Pharm. Sci. Technol 50:372-397; Cleek et al., 1997, Pro. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:853-854; and Lam et al., 1997, Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:759-760, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Thus, the anti-RYK antibodies of the invention and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates may be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, parenteral or mucosal (such as buccal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual) administration. In a further embodiment, local or systemic parenteral administration is used.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.

For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

For administration by inhalation, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

The prophylactic or therapeutic agents may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long-acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

The invention also provides that a prophylactic or therapeutic agent is packaged in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachet indicating the quantity. In one embodiment, the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container and can be reconstituted, e.g., with water or saline to the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the formulation and administration of various chemotherapeutic, biological/immunotherapeutic and hormonal therapeutic agents are known in the art and often described in the Physicians' Desk Reference, (58^(th) ed., 2004). The typical doses of various cancer therapeutics known in the art are provided in Table 2.

In other embodiments of the invention, radiation therapy agents such as radioactive isotopes can be given orally as liquids in capsules or as a drink. Radioactive isotopes can also be formulated for intravenous injections. The skilled oncologist can determine the preferred formulation and route of administration.

In certain embodiments the monoclonal antibodies of the invention, are formulated at 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml. 10 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml for intravenous injections and at 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, and 80 mg/ml for repeated subcutaneous administration and intramuscular injection. In other embodiments the monoclonal antibodies of the invention are formulated at between about 0.1 mg/ml and about 1 mg/ml, between about 1 mg/ml and about 5 mg/ml, between about 5 mg/ml and about 10 mg/ml, between about 10 mg/ml and about 25 mg/ml, and between about 25 mg/ml and about 50 mg/ml.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device that may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The amount of the composition of the invention which will be effective in the treatment, prevention or management of cancer can be determined by standard research techniques. For example, the dosage of the composition which will be effective in the treatment, prevention or management of cancer can be determined by administering the composition to an animal model such as, e.g., the animal models disclosed herein or known to those skilled in the art. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges.

Selection of the preferred effective dose can be determined (e.g., via clinical trials) by a skilled artisan based upon the consideration of several factors which will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such factors include the disease to be treated or prevented, the symptoms involved, the patient's body mass, the patient's immune status and other factors known by the skilled artisan to reflect the accuracy of administered pharmaceutical compositions.

The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the cancer, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. For antibodies, the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.0001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.0001 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 2 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 1 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.15 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.10 mg/kg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg/kg, or 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human and humanized antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible. For other cancer therapeutic agents administered to a patient, the typical doses of various cancer therapeutics known in the art are provided in Table 2. Given the invention, certain embodiments will encompass the administration of lower dosages in combination treatment regimens than dosages recommended for the administration of single agents.

The invention provides for any method of administering lower doses of known prophylactic or therapeutic agents than previously thought to be effective for the prevention, treatment, management or amelioration of cancer. In certain embodiments, lower doses of known anti-cancer therapies are administered in combination with lower doses of monoclonal antibodies of the invention.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with an anti-RYK antibody of the invention. Additionally, one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of a cancer can also be included in the pharmaceutical pack or kit. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.

The present invention provides kits that can be used in the above methods. In one embodiment, a kit comprises one or more anti-RYK antibodies of the invention. In another embodiment, a kit further comprises one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of cancer or for inhibiting neurodegeneration and/or promoting functional recovery in a human patient suffering, or at risk of developing, a stroke or other neurological disease/disorder, in one or more containers. In certain embodiments the anti-RYK antibody of the invention is scFv3, scFvN3, or RWD1. In further embodiments, the other prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic. In other embodiments, the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a biological or hormonal therapeutic.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies to the RYK Extracellular Domain and Epitope Mapping Materials and Methods: Cell Lines and Drug Treatment

HEK293T, CHO-K1, AtT-20/D16v-F2, MCF-7, A431, MDCK, HCT-8, L cells and NIH 3T3 cells were from the American Type Culture Collection. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were derived from wild-type mouse embryos as described (Wurst W, et al., 1995, Production of targeted embryonic stem cell clones. In: Richwoiod D, Hames B D, editors. Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL Press. pp. 33-61). COS-7 cells were from Brian Seed (Harvard University). 293-EBNA cells were from Life Technologies. Cells were maintained in DMEM or RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. H-RYK-FLAG/CHO cells were maintained in glutamine-free GMEM (SAFC) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated and dialyzed FBS, GS supplement (SAFC) and 25 μM methionine sulfoximine (glutamine synthase inhibitor; Sigma-Aldrich). Hybridomas were maintained in Hybridoma-SFM (Life Technologies) with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. SN4741 cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS, 50 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin and 0.6% glucose. All cell lines were incubated at 37° C. in 5% or 10% CO₂. Drugs used were: actinonin (Sigma-Aldrich); TAPI-0, -1 and -2 compounds (Peptides International; Louisville, Ky.); SB203580, U0126, GM6001 and its inactive analogue (Calbiochem); phosphoramidon (Roche Diagnostics).

cDNA Constructs

The human RYK extracellular domain constructs pApex-3.hRYK.Fc.FLAG and pApex-3.hRYKWD.Fc.FLAG were described previously (Blakely B D, et al., 2011, PLoS One 6: e1837). Human RYK extracellular domain construct H-RYK-FLAG, encoding the human RYK extracellular domain fused to a FLAG epitope tag at the carboxyl terminus, was cloned into the pEE6-CMV vector encoding the glutamine synthase cDNA, thus producing pEE6/H-RYK-FLAG. Full-length human RYK with a 2×Myc epitope tag (pcDNA3.Myc2.hRYK) was described previously (Macheda M L, et al., 2012, J Biol Chem). Full-length RYK, with an IL-3 signal peptide at the amino terminus and a FLAG epitope tag inserted near the carboxyl terminus (between residues 598 and 599 of GenBank accession number NP_(—)002949.2), was subcloned into pVITRO3-mcs (InvivoGen) to produce pVITRO3.hRYKFCT.

A double-tagged version of the mouse RYK cDNA was created from pcDNA3.Myc2.RYK (see Halford M M, et al., 2000, Nat Genet 25: 414-418), by inserting in-frame a sequence encoding a FLAG epitope tag near the RYK carboxyl terminus between residues 585 and 586 (GenBank accession number NP_(—)038677.3), and was named Myc2.RYK.FLAG.CT (M2RFCT). Mutants of pcDNA3.M2RFCT were produced using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). These substitutions to the RYK proprotein convertase (PC) consensus cleavage sites were: K186Q (monobasic mutant, MB), KK181 to QQ181 (dibasic mutant, DB), KRRK176 to QQQQ176 (tetrabasic mutant, TB) and KRRK176;KK181;K186 to QQQQ176;QQ181;0186 (compound mutant, CM). Mouse RYK extracellular domain constructs pApex-3.RYKEC.Fc.FLAG, pApex-3.RYKDWD.Fc.FLAG, pApex-3.RYKWD.Fc.FLAG, pApex-3.RYKDN.Fc.FLAG and pApex-3.RYKDC.Fc.FLAG were described previously (Keeble T R, et al., 2006, J Neurosci 26: 5840-5848; Macheda M L, et al., 2012, J Biol Chem). A glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion to the intracellular domain of mouse RYK was used for generation of affinity-purified rabbit anti-RYK^(ICD) antibody. E. coli BL21-SI (Life Technologies) was transformed with the pET.GEX.CT vector (Sharrocks A D, 1994, Gene 138: 105-108), containing the entire mouse RYK intracellular domain (residues 240-594; GST.mRYKICD).

A FLAG-tagged α₁-antitrypsin Portland (α₁-PDX) cDNA (Jean F, et al., 1998, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7293-7298) was subcloned into pcDNA3. The mouse c-Met cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR using mouse post-natal day 1 head cDNA template, with a reverse primer that added a carboxyl-terminal FLAG epitope tag, and was cloned into the Hind III and Not I sites of pcDNA3 to produce pcDNA3.c-Met.FLAG. Mouse Wnt constructs pcDNA3.Wnt1.Myc5, pcDNA3.Wnt3a.Myc5 and pcDNA3.Wnt5a.Myc5 were described previously (Macheda M L, et al., 2012, J Biol Chem).

Protein Production and Purification

Stable cell lines hRYK.Fc/CHO and hRYKWD.Fc/CHO were generated as described previously (Blakely B D, et al., 2011, PLoS One 6: e1837). CHO-K1 cells were transfected with pEE6/H-RYK-FLAG using FuGENE 6 (Roche Diagnostics) and selection was applied after 24 h using medium containing 25 μM methionine sulfoxomine. H-RYK-FLAG/CHO, hRYK.Fc/CHO and H-RYK-FLAG/CHO cells were seeded into pleated surface roller bottles (BD Biosciences) and incubated at 37° C. in a normal air atmosphere. Conditioned medium was collected after five days, at which time new medium was added and collected again after a further three days, hRYK.Fc and hRYKWD.Fc proteins were produced as described. To produce RYKEC.Fc.FLAG, RYKDWD.Fc.FLAG, RYKWD.Fc.FLAG, RYKDN.Fc.FLAG and RYKDC.Fc.FLAG proteins, 293-EBNA cells were transiently transfected with the plasmid and conditioned medium was collected after five days. Conditioned medium was filtered using 0.22 μm filters (Millipore) and secreted protein was purified using anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel (Sigma-Aldrich) as described previously (Stacker S A, et al., 1999, J Biol Chem 274: 32127-32136).

RYK Monoclonal Antibody Production and Purification

Two BALB/c mice were injected three times with H-RYK-FLAG protein (WEHI Monoclonal Antibody Facility, Bundoora, Australia). Mouse sera were screened for antibody production by flow cytometry, using HEK293T cells transiently transfected with pcDNA3.Myc2.hRYK by FuGENE 6. Anti-Myc 9E10 antibody (WEHI Monoclonal Antibody Facility) was used as a positive control for cell transfection, while propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to exclude dead cells. Mice shown to have anti-RYK antibodies were boosted once more with H-RYK-FLAG, then four days later the spleens of the mice were isolated and splenocytes were fused to myeloma cells to produce hybridomas (WEHI Monoclonal Antibody Facility). Hybridoma supernatants were screened by flow cytometry as described above.

To produce and purify anti-RYK mouse monoclonal antibodies, the hybridoma clones were seeded into pleated surface roller bottles in Hybridoma-SFM supplemented with 1% heat-inactivated FBS, and were incubated at 37° C. in a normal air atmosphere for nine days. Conditioned medium was filtered through 0.22 μm filters, then antibodies were isolated using Protein A sepharose (Fast Flow 4; GE), followed by IgG elution with 50 mM glycine, pH 3.0, into tubes containing 1:5 volume of 1 M Tris, pH 8.0. Antibody fractions were buffer exchanged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and concentrated using Amicon Ultra centrifuge filters (Millipore).

RYK Polyclonal Antibodies Used for Western Blot Analysis

Two polyclonal antibodies to RYK were generated in rabbits. GST.mRYKICD was used to generate rabbit anti-RYK^(ICD) serum. The whole rabbit serum was heat inactivated, 0.22 μm filtered, depleted of antibodies to GST by incubation with GST-coupled AffiGel 15 matrix (Bio-Rad Laboratories), affinity purified using GST.mRYKICD-coupled AffiGel 15, eluted and buffer exchanged with PBS by ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra). Purified hRYK.Fc was used to generate rabbit anti-RYK^(ECD) serum. The whole serum was affinity purified using hRYK.Fc as described for anti-RYK^(ICD).

Epitope Mapping of Antibodies by Western Blot Analysis and Peptide Library ELISA

To begin epitope mapping of anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies, RYKEC.Fc.FLAG constructs (45 ng) were run on 4-12% NuPAGE Novex Bis-Tris gels (Life Technologies). Western blotting was performed as described previously (Keeble T R, et al., 2006. J Neurosci 26: 5840-5848; Macheda M L, et al., 2012, J Biol Chem), using a 1:20 dilution of hybridoma supernatants containing anti-RYK monoclonal antibody.

To finely map the binding epitope of anti-RYK antibodies, two PepSet peptide libraries of the human RYK extracellular domain were created (Mimotopes, Clayton, Australia). The first PepSet library comprised the entire extracellular domain, consisting of 46 peptides of 16 amino acids with a four amino acid offset. The second PepSet library comprised the region to which anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies bound in the first PepSet library (residues 199-226 of human RYK), consisting of 19 peptides of 10 amino acids with a one amino acid offset. Peptides from both PepSet libraries had an amino-terminal biotin followed by a four amino acid spacer, allowing peptide conjugation to streptavidin-coated 96-well plates (Mimotopes). ELISAs were performed by using purified monoclonal antibodies at 2 μg/ml, or purified scFv proteins at 5 μg/ml. Secondary antibodies were goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and goat anti-human IgG-HRP (Zymed; Life Technologies).

Results:

Fusions of mouse splenocytes with myeloma cells were performed after immunization with different recombinant versions of the human RYK extracellular domain. Mice immunized with H-RYK-FLAG resulted in several monoclonal antibodies of the IgG isotype to RYK, named 1B4, 1G8, 5E3 and 6G1. These antibodies were able to detect RYK by flow cytometry, using cells expressing full-length human RYK (hRYKFCT) (FIG. 1A).

To map the binding site of the anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies, purified mouse RYK extracellular domain constructs (FIG. 1B) were analyzed by Western blotting. All the antibodies recognized wild-type RYK (mRYKEC.Fc) and RYK constructs containing the region at the carboxyl terminus of the extracellular domain, but not a WIF domain-only construct (RYKWD.Fc) or one with deletion of the region carboxyl-terminal to the WIF domain (RYKDC.Fc; FIG. 1C).

A synthetic peptide library comprising the extracellular domain of human RYK was used to further map the epitope(s) recognized by the anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies. A solid phase binding assay showed that the four RYK monoclonal antibodies all detected the same cluster of peptides (40-2), which mapped to the region carboxyl-terminal to the WIF domain (FIG. 1D). A second peptide library allowed mapping of the epitope of all four antibodies to the amino acid sequence RTIYD, which corresponds to residues 212-16 of human RYK. The human RYK WIF domain comprises residues 66-194 (mouse residues 50-178). Therefore, the epitope recognized by the anti-RYK antibodies maps to a region carboxyl-terminal to the WIF domain.

FIG. 1. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies to the RYK Extracellular Domain and Epitope Mapping.

(A) Flow cytometry using purified anti-RYK mouse monoclonal antibodies 1B4, 1G8, 5E3 and 6G1 on 293-EBNA cells stably expressing pVITRO3-mcs (empty vector control; V) or hRYKFCT (RYK). All antibodies detected RYK in hRYKFCT-transfected but not vector-transfected cells. (B) Schematic of the mouse RYK deletion constructs used in this study. (C) Western blot analysis of purified mouse RYK deletion constructs using anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies 1B4 and 6G1. The pattern of binding was the same for both antibodies. The presence of all the deletion constructs was demonstrated by stripping the membrane and reprobing with anti-RYK^(ECD) polyclonal antibody. Molecular mass standard are shown at left in kDa. IB, immunoblot. (D) ELISA results using anti-RYK monoclonal antibodies 1B4 and 6G1 on an immobilized peptide library of the entire human RYK extracellular domain. Peptides 3 to 37: RYK WIF domain; peptide 47: FLAG epitope (incubated with M2 antibody; positive control); well 48: empty (negative control). The antibodies were used at 2 μg/ml. All antibodies bound to the same epitope, in peptides 40-2. The location of the epitope is shown schematically (bottom). Epitopes for the 1G8 and 5E3 antibodies were identical (data not shown). OD, optical density.

Example 2 Constitutive Proteolytic Processing of the RYK Extracellular Domain Materials and Methods

Mouse RYK constructs encoding substitutions in the proprotein convertase (PC) consensus sites were transiently transfected into COS-7 cells using FuGENE 6. Medium was changed 24 h later, and cells were treated with the furin inhibitor decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (Bachem) or an equal volume of DMSO for 12 h before harvesting. Forty-eight hours post-transfection, cells were washed twice with cold PBS before lysis in 1 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100) supplemented with 1 mM Na₃VO₄ and 1× complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics), for 30 min. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 16,000 g, 15 min, 4° C. and the supernatant was used for analysis. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay (Pierce; Thermo Scientific) and immunoprecipitations were performed from equal amounts of lysate protein using anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel. Immunoprecipitates were washed three times with 0.1% Triton X-100/PBS, and bound proteins were eluted in sample buffer. M2-HRP (Sigma-Aldrich) was utilized in Western blotting to detect FLAG-tagged proteins.

For treatments with protease inhibitors, COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA3.M2RFCT using FuGENE 6. Cells were treated 36 h post-transfection with inhibitors in fresh medium for 12 h. Conditioned medium was collected and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g, adjusted to 0.2% Triton X-100, 0.05% NaN₃, 100 mM HEPES pH 7.4, and concentrated 10× by ultrafiltration using Centricon YM-10 filters (Millipore). Concentrated conditioned medium was used for immunoprecipitation experiments with anti-Myc monoclonal antibody 9E10-conjugated sepharose as described above.

Results:

It has previously been shown that mouse RYK is cleaved in a stepwise fashion. The first cleavage step, which liberates a soluble WIF domain-containing extracellular domain (RYK-NTF) and forms a transmembrane carboxyl-terminal fragment (RYK-CTF), must occur before the second cleavage step by γ-secretase can take place, as is observed with other γ-secretase substrates such as amyloid precursor protein and Notch. Transient transfection of a variety of cell lines with full-length mouse RYK showed that although four cell lines were resistant to transfection, the other nine expressed full-length RYK (RYK-FL) and generated a cell-associated ˜45 kDa RYK-CTF detectable with the anti-RYK^(ICD) polyclonal antibody (FIG. 2A). Therefore, constitutive proteolytic processing of RYK takes place in many cell lines.

The RYK extracellular domain contains the motif KRRKMCYKKLEEVK in human, mouse, and rat protein (basic residues bolded), which represents multiple proprotein convertase (PC) consensus cleavage sites (FIG. 2B). Similar basic motifs in secretory proteins are cleaved by PCs during transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

To determine whether the PC consensus cleavage sites are important for RYK-CTF generation, COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with full-length mouse RYK or derivatives that had basic residues (lysine or arginine) substituted with glutamine. A 55 kDa RYK-CTF was constitutively generated in cells overexpressing wild-type RYK (FIG. 2C, lane 1). RYK-CTF levels were substantially reduced by the tetrabasic mutant substitutions (FIG. 2C, lane 5) and completely abolished by the compound substitutions (FIG. 2C, lane 6). This result suggests that the PC consensus sites, including the KRRK motif, are required for RYK-CTF generation. However, PC-specific inhibition using α₁-PDX or a small molecule furin-specific inhibitor, decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone, which were effective in preventing proteolytic processing of c-Met (FIG. 2C, lanes 8, 9, 12 and 13), did not inhibit RYK-CTF generation (FIG. 2C, lanes 7, 10 and 11). It thus remains possible that a PC other than furin, and which is relatively insensitive to inhibition by α₁-PDX, is responsible for RYK cleavage.

To define the class of protease responsible for constitutive RYK extracellular domain shedding, M2RFCT-transfected COS-7 cells were treated with a panel of protease inhibitors. The metalloproteinase-specific inhibitors TAPI-0, -1 and -2 and GM6001, but not the inactive analogue GM6001-, reduced the levels of soluble RYK extracellular domain shed into the conditioned medium (FIG. 2D). TAPI-2 reduced shedding of RYK-NTF to a level that was barely detectable (FIG. 2D, lane 6). SB203580 and U0126, specific inhibitors of p38 and MEK mitogen-activated protein kinases that regulate constitutive and growth factor-inducible receptor extracellular domain shedding, respectively, did not affect constitutive shedding of RYK-NTF (FIG. 2D). Therefore, cleavage of the RYK extracellular domain to generate RYK-CTF is likely to be mediated by a matrix metalloproteinase. The CTF remains embedded in the plasma membrane and exposes a short extracellular domain with unknown function. It is likely that RYK-CTF possesses a very immunogenic epitope, as all the anti-RYK mouse monoclonal antibodies generated by the inventors bind to an epitope in the extracellular region of RYK-CTF.

FIG. 2. Constitutive Proteolytic Processing of the RYK Extracellular Domain May Hinder Antibody Generation.

(A) Proteolysis of RYK in mammalian cell lines. Cells were transiently transfected with full-length mouse RYK (pcDNA3.M2RFCT; encoding an amino-terminal 2× Myc epitope tag, and a FLAG epitope tag nine residues from the carboxyl terminus) and lysed 48 h later. Anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates (IP) from 0.8 mg cell lysate were immunoblotted (IB) with anti-RYK^(ICD) polyclonal antibody. Molecular mass standards are shown at left in kDa. RYK-FL, full-length uncleaved RYK; RYK-CTF, RYK carboxyl-terminal fragment; MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts; RDTI.2, RYK-deficient large T antigen-immortalized fibroblasts derived from a RYK^(−/−) embryo. (B) Consensus cleavage sites in the mouse RYK extracellular domain (single-letter amino acid code) for proprotein convertases (PCs). Residues are numbered (in superscript) according to the GenBank sequence NP_(—)038677.3 and cleavage occurs at the carboxyl-terminal side of the consensus sequence. Basic residues at both ends of each consensus site are in blue. The likely furin cleavage site in the mouse c-Met extracellular domain is shown for comparison. The PC consensus cleavage site is (K/R)X_(n)(K/R)↓, where X is any residue except cysteine (rare in this position and therefore shown in bold) or proline, and n=0, 2, 4 or 6. (C) The PC consensus sites of RYK are partly required for proteolytic generation of RYK-CTF. COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with full-length mouse RYK (M2RFCT) or mutant derivatives: V594A; K186Q (MB); KK181→QQ181 (DB); KRRK176→QQQQ176 (TB): and QQQQ176;QQ181;Q186 (CM). The α₁-PDX.FLAG protein (p54, p57 and p64 isoforms indicated) was expressed to inhibit endogenous PCs. Mouse c-Met.FLAG was expressed as a positive control for inhibition of furin. The furin inhibitor decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (d-RVKR-cmk) was used at 50 μM for 12 h. Immunoprecipitates (anti-FLAG) were prepared from 1 mg of lysate protein. The location and identity of RYK-CTF was confirmed using anti-RYK^(ICD) polyclonal antibody (bottom panel). Molecular mass standards are shown at left in kDa. (D) Transiently transfected COS-7 cells were treated with metalloproteinase inhibitors, added 36 h post-transfection in fresh medium for 12 h, to inhibit constitutive extracellular domain shedding. Conditioned medium was concentrated and anti-Myc immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-Myc to detect shed soluble RYK-NTF. Molecular mass standard are shown at left in kDa. V, empty vector (pcDNA3)-transfected cells.

Example 3 Generation of RYK Inhibitory Antibodies by Screening a Human scFv Phage Display Library Materials and Methods Generation of a RYK WIF Domain-Specific Chimeric Protein

To generate antibodies directed specifically to the RYK WIF domain, we produced a construct that contains the WIF domain of RYK, lacking the carboxyl-terminal cleavage site, fused to the Fc region of human IgG1, termed hRYKWD.Fc. This construct generated a stable 53 kDa protein in CHO-K1 cells. When purified, the fusion protein retained the ability to bind to Wnt proteins, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation (FIG. 3A).

Phage Display Antibody Screening

A phage display antibody library screen was performed using a combination of a direct binding assay to purified hRYKWD.Fc and a competitive ELISA assay (CD BioSciences Inc., NY, USA). The screening protein, purified hRYKWD.Fc, was used on a human scFv naïve phage display library in three rounds of screening. The final (third) round of screening was performed using recombinant mouse Wnt3a protein (R&D Systems) in competitive ELISA. The cDNA of phage clones was sequenced, and the two phage clones able to compete with Wnt3a for binding to hRYKWD.Fc (scFv3 and scFvN3) were codon optimized to remove stop codons contained in the scFv sequence, thus allowing expression of the scFvs in bacteria (CD BioSciences Inc.). Small-scale purification of both scFv proteins was performed on a nickel sepharose high-performance column via the carboxyl-terminal 6×His epitope the proteins contain, and eluted material resuspended in 50 mM Iris, 50 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol.

Anti-RYK scFv and IgG Antibody Inhibition of RYK Binding to Wnts In Vitro

HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA3.Wnt3a.Myc5 or pcDNA3.Wnt5a.Myc5. Cells were lysed 24 h post-transfection as described above. Pre-incubation of 250 ng purified hRYK.Fc with 20 μg scFv or IgG was performed at 4° C. for 1 h, at which time lysate from Wnt3a.Myc5- or Wnt5a.Myc5-transfected cells (10-20 μg) and M2 affinity gel were added, and incubated at 4° C. for 1 h. Immunoprecipitates were washed twice with each of: wash 1, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 7.5; wash 2, 500 mM NaCl; and wash 3, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5. Immunoprecipitated proteins were eluted in sample buffer. Western blotting utilized M2 (Sigma-Aldrich) conjugated to IRDye 800CW (LI-COR Biosciences) to detect FLAG-tagged hRYK.Fc, or anti-Myc tag rabbit polyclonal antibody (Abcam) followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG IRDye 680 (LI-COR Biosciences) secondary antibody to detect Myc-tagged Wnts.

Results:

To avoid issues of poorly immunogenic protein sequences or proteolytic processing that may compromise the integrity or availability of the RYK WIF domain, we screened a human naïve single chain fragment variable (scFv) phage display library to obtain antibodies specific to the RYK WIF domain. The phage display library was screened by an enzyme immunoassay for binding to the purified hRYKWD.Fc protein (two rounds). A third round of screening was performed for binding to RYK in the presence of recombinant Wnt3a protein, to select clones that can compete with Wnt3a binding to the RYK WIF domain. Of the 98 phage clones screened by competitive ELISA, five clones were identified as being able to compete with Wnt3a for binding to RYK. The phage DNA of these clones was sequenced and found to represent two unique scFv sequences, scFv3 and scFvN3.

To confirm the activity of the scFv proteins and their capacity to compete with the binding of Wnts, we established an assay where the purified scFvs were used to inhibit the binding of Writs to FLAG-tagged hRYK.Fc, a recombinant fusion protein containing the entire human RYK extracellular domain. ScFv3 inhibited co-immunoprecipitation of Wnt5a but not Wnt3a with hRYK.Fc, while scFvN3 did not alter the amount of either Wnt3a or Wnt5a bound to hRYK.Fc (FIG. 3B). These results suggest that scFv3, but not scFvN3, is able to interfere with RYK binding to Wnts.

Mapping of epitopes recognized by the scFv proteins was performed using the same peptide library utilized to map the epitope recognized by the anti-RYK mouse monoclonal antibodies. Neither of the scFvs bound to consecutive peptides (FIG. 3C), suggesting that the epitope to which each scFv binds is discontinuous and that the scFvs are likely to bind RYK in conformation-dependent manner.

FIG. 3. Generation of RYK Inhibitory Antibodies by Screening a Human scFv Phage Display Library.

(A) Co-immunoprecipitation of Wnt1.Myc5, Wnt3a.Myc5 and Wnt5a.Myc5 from lysate (200 μg) of transfected HEK293T cells with 1 μg purified hRYKWD.Fc protein. Anti-FLAG immunoprecipitations (IP) were performed to pull down hRYKWD.Fc (FLAG-tagged) and these were immunoblotted (IB) with an anti-Myc tag antibody to detect co-precipitated Wnt. Molecular mass standards are shown at the left in kDa. V, empty vector (pcDNA3)-transfected cells. (B) Purified anti-RYK scFv3 and scFvN3 (20 μg) were used in immunoprecipitation experiments to determine whether they could inhibit hRYK.Fc binding to Wnt3a.Myc5 or Wnt5a.Myc5 (10 μg and 20 μg, respectively, of transfected HEK293T cell lysate). Immunoprecipitations (IP) were performed to pull down hRYK.Fc (250 ng), then immunoblotted (IB) as shown. Molecular mass standards are shown at the left in kDa. IgG, normal human IgG (control). (C) ELISA results using anti-RYK scFv proteins (5 μg/ml) on an immobilized peptide library of the entire human RYK extracellular domain (peptides 1 to 46; peptide 47: FLAG epitope; well 48: empty). No epitopes were identified. OD, optical density.

Example 4 Characterization of the Anti-RYK IgG Inhibitory Antibody Materials and Methods

Production of Full-Length IgG from scFv3

The cDNAs of heavy chain and light chain variable regions from scFv3 were subcloned into two separate vectors, one encoding human IgG κ light chain (pSTDLH3.RYK) and the other human IgG₁ γ heavy chain (pSTDHH3.RYK; CD BioSciences Inc.). The vectors encoding heavy and light chains were transiently transfected into FreeStyle 293-F cells using FreeStyle MAX Expression System (Life Technologies). The antibody was purified from conditioned medium six days post-transfection using protein A chromatography (GE) and buffer exchanged with PBS.

Large-scale purification of RWD1 antibody was performed using a stable cell line. CHO-K1 cells were transfected with pSTDHH3.RYK and pSTDLH3.RYK (6:4 ratio) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies) and selection was applied after 24 h by adding 300 μg/ml zeocin (Life Technologies) to the medium. Colonies were picked after 7-9 days. The RWD1/CHO stable cell line was seeded into a medium FiberCell cartridge, 20 kDa (FiberCell Systems), using DMEM+10% FBS+200 μg/ml zeocin, and then maintained in DMEM+10% CDM-HD serum replacement (FiberCell Systems)+150 μg/ml zeocin. Extracapillary space medium was collected every 2-3 days. Antibody purification was performed as described above.

Results

To better evaluate the inhibitory effect of anti-RYK scFvs, the blocking antibody scFv3 was grafted onto a human IgG₁ backbone to generate a fully human monoclonal antibody called RWD1. Purified RWD1 was tested in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, which demonstrated that the antibody was able to inhibit hRYK.Fc binding to Wnt5a (FIG. 4A). Epitope mapping of the recombinant IgG antibody using the RYK extracellular domain peptide library confirmed that there was no binding to consecutive peptides (FIG. 4B). Binding of the antibody to RYK was confirmed by ELISA, which showed that there was increased binding of hRYK.Fc ligand to immobilized RWD1 antibody with increasing concentrations of either antibody or ligand (FIG. 4C).

FIG. 4. Characterization of the Full-Length IgG Anti-RYK Inhibitory Antibody RWD1. (A)

Purified RWD1 antibody (20 μg) was used in immunoprecipitation experiments, to determine its ability to inhibit hRYK.Fc binding to Wnt3a.Myc5 or Wnt5a.Myc5 (10 μg and 20 μg, respectively; of transfected HEK293T cell lysate). Immunoprecipitations (IP) were performed to pull down hRYK.Fc (250 ng), then immunoblotted (IB) with an anti-Myc tag antibody to detect Wnt binding. Molecular mass standards are shown at the left in kDa. IgG, normal human IgG. (B) ELISA results of immobilized RWD1 antibody probed with hRYK.Fc protein. Increased hRYK.Fc binding to the antibody was observed with higher concentrations of either immobilized RWD1 or hRYK.Fc protein used for detection. Results represent the mean±standard deviation of two to three independent experiments. IgG, normal human IgG; OD, optical density.

Example 5 RWD1 Antibody Affinity for RYK Using ELISA and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) Analysis Materials and Methods RWD1 Antibody Affinity for RYK Using ELISA and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) Analysis

RYK binding was determined by ELISA as described previously (Davydova N, et al., 2011, J Mol Biol 407: 581-593), using bound RWD1 and probed with purified hRYK.Fc. All SPRi analyses were performed at 25° C. using HBST (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20) as the running buffer. A ProteOn XPR36 SPRi biosensor, GLC sensor chips and coupling reagents (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5; sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (SNHS); 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC); and ethanolamine) were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories. All antibodies and ligands used for kinetic analysis were buffer exchanged with PBS. Immobilizations were performed at 30 μl/min on the GLC chip. Prior to immobilization, chips were preconditioned with two sequential 10 sec pulses of 50 mM NaOH, 100 mM HCl and 0.5% SDS, followed by equilibration with HBST. For surface activation, 0.4 M EDC and 0.1 M SNHS were each diluted 50-fold in water and mixed together to give a final composition of 8 mM EDC in 2 mM SNHS. Separate vertical channels were activated with 150 μl of the EDC/SNHS mixture. IgGs for immobilization (RWD1 antibody and normal human IgG (R&D Systems; control)) were diluted to 50 μg/ml in 10 mM acetate, pH 4.5, and coupled (3×150 μl) along separate vertical channels followed by an injection of ethanolamine (150 μl) to block the reaction spots. A second pulse of ethanolamine was injected in the horizontal direction. Final immobilization levels were 2046 RU for RWD1 and 1556 RU for normal human IgG.

hRYKWD.Fc (500 nM, 250 nM, 125 nM, 62.5 nM and 31.25 nM) was injected (100 μl at a flow rate of 100 μl/min) in order of increasing concentration along each horizontal channel, allowing a full set of data for kinetic analysis to be obtained. Dissociation was followed for a further 10 min. Following “one-shot kinetic analysis”, possible due to the sensor chip configuration of the ProteOn instrument, surfaces were regenerated using 0.85% phosphoric acid (30 μl) at a flow rate of 100 μl/min for repeat analyses.

All binding sensorgrams were collected, processed and analyzed using the integrated ProteOn Manager software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Following a two-step background subtraction, using an interspot reference followed by the signals generated from the control antibody channel, resulting binding curves were fitted using the Langmuir model describing 1:1 binding stoichiometry or with the Langmuir and mass transfer limitation model. Captured antibody interacting with the five concentrations of antigen was fitted globally to derive the ka, kd and KD.

Results:

Surface plasmon resonance imaging was used to determine the affinity of RWD1 antibody for the RYK WIF domain. Purified hRYKWD.Fc was used as the specific binding domain to assess antibody binding. Following a double reference background subtraction protocol, data were fitted globally using a model describing a 1:1 Langmuirian interaction with mass transfer (FIG. 5). These studies revealed an association rate constant (ka) of 8.80×10⁴ M⁻¹ sec⁻¹ and a dissociation rate constant (kd) of 3.70×10⁴ sec⁻¹, giving a calculated dissociation constant (KD) of 4.2×10⁻⁹ M.

FIG. 5. Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi) Analysis of the Interaction Between Immobilized RWD1 Antibody and hRYKWD.Fc.

Experiments were performed using a ProteOn XPR36 SPRi biosensor equipped with a GLC chip as described in Materials and Methods. Using the rotatable sensor chip, live concentrations of ligand (as indicated) and a buffer blank can be analyzed simultaneously, precluding the need for multiple regeneration cycles (one-shot kinetics), Following a two-step background subtraction (an interspot reference and the control antibody channel), resulting binding curves were fitted globally using a model describing a simple 1:1 Langmuirian interaction with mass transfer limitation. The kinetic constants derived are shown in the table.

Example 6 RWD1 Antibody Inhibits Wnt Signaling and RYK Function in Neurons Materials and Methods:

To assess inhibition of Wnt signaling by RWD1 antibody in SN4741 cells, 100,000 cells per well were seeded into 12-well plates and grown overnight in the absence of serum. Cells were pre-incubated for 45 min in the same medium with normal human IgG (R&D Systems; 50 μg/ml) or RWD1 antibody (50 μg/ml), then stimulated for 2 h with Wnt5a (R&D Systems; 300 ng/ml). Preparation of lysates and immunoblotting were carried out as previously described (Blakely B D, et al., 2011, PLoS One 6: e1837).

Neurite Outgrowth Assay

Embryos were isolated from Swiss mice time-mated overnight, with visualization of a vaginal plug on the following morning taken as embryonic day (E) 0.5. The cortices of E15.5 mice were microdissected in chilled L15 medium (Life Technologies) and enzymatically dissociated in HBSS containing 0.05% trypsin and 0.1% DNase for 20 min at 37° C. The resultant cell suspension was resuspended in serum-free N2 medium consisting of a 1:1 mixture of F12 and MEM supplemented with 15 mM HEPES buffer, 1 mM glutamine, 6 mg/ml glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 1.5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and N2 supplement (all purchased from Life Technologies). Cells were seeded at a density of 35,000 cells per well in a 48-well plate at 37° C., with 5% CO₂.

After 72 h in culture, human IgG₁ (Ancell Corporation; 50 μg/ml) or RWD1 antibody (50 μg/ml) was added to the cultures, and where appropriate, Wnt5a (R&D Systems; 300 ng/ml) was added 45 min thereafter. The cells remained in culture for a further 72 h before fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde and staining for pill tubulin immunoreactivity (TUJ⁺). TUJ⁺ neurons were analyzed from four independent primary cultures. Under all culture conditions, sampling was commenced in the second field of view from the left-hand side of the culture well. The first 30 TUJ⁺ cells found to be measurable (neurites intact and distinguishable from other stained neurites, i.e. not intertwined with other TUJ⁺ neurites) were quantified in order to avoid any potential sampling bias. Photomicrographs of each neuron were taken using a 20× objective (Olympus IX71) and measurements of total neurite length obtained using Cell D software (Olympus). Groups were compared using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's Multiple Comparison post-hoc test.

Results:

The mouse cell line SN4741 was used to confirm that RWD1 can inhibit Wnt-induced signaling. SN4741 cells respond to Wnt5a treatment by phosphorylation of Dishevelled (Dvl) 2 and Dvl3, which are cytoplasmic proteins that transduce both Wnt/β-catenin and β-catenin-independent Wnt signals. Cells treated with Wnt5a showed increased levels of phosphorylated Dvl2, while co-treatment with RWD1 inhibited Wnt5a-mediated Dvl2 phosphorylation (FIG. 6A).

RYK can stimulate axonal growth during embryonic development in rodents. To determine whether RWD1 antibody was able to inhibit RYK function, a neurite outgrowth assay was performed using embryonic day (E) 15.5 mouse cortical neurons. Treatment of neurons with RWD1 alone did not affect neurite outgrowth compared to IgG₁ control-treated cells (FIG. 6B). Wnt5a treatment significantly increased total neurite length, while co-treatment with RWD1 significantly inhibited Wnt5a-induced neurite outgrowth (FIG. 6B). These results demonstrate that RWD1 antibody can antagonize Wnt5a-induced signaling, as assessed by inhibition of Dvl2 phosphorylation and of neurite outgrowth.

FIG. 6. RWD1 Antibody Inhibits Wnt Signaling and RYK Function in Neurons.

(A) Western blot analysis of lysates from SN4741 cells treated with Wnt5a (300 ng/ml) or diluent (PBS; C) and with normal human IgG (50 μg/ml) or RWD1 (50 μg/ml). Lysates were immunoblotted (IB) with anti-Dvl2 and anti-β-actin antibodies. P-Dvl2, phosphorylated Dvl2. Molecular mass standards are shown at the left in kDa. (B) Quantification of neurite growth from E15.5 mouse cortical neurons treated with normal human IgG (50 μg/ml), RWD1 (50 μg/ml), Wnt5a (300 ng/ml), or diluent (PBS; C). Results represent the mean±SEM of four independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. 

1. An isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, that specifically binds to the extracellular domain of human RYK, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, specifically binds to the Wnt inhibitory factor (WIF) domain of human RYK.
 2. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising at least one CDR selected from the amino acid sequences including SEQ ID No.'s 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 and 15 or amino acid sequences having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No.'s 4, 5, 6, 13, 14 and 15 after optimum alignment therewith, and/or a light chain comprising at least one CDR selected from the amino acid sequences including SEQ ID No.'s 7, 8, 9 16, 17 and 18 or amino acid sequences having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No.'s 7, 8, 9 16, 17 and 18 after optimum alignment therewith.
 3. The isolated antibody according to claim 1, or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2 or a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No. 2 after optimum alignment therewith, and/or a light chain variable region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 3 or a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No. 3 after optimum alignment therewith.
 4. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 19 or a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No. 19 after optimum alignment therewith, and/or a light chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 20 or a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID No. 20 after optimum alignment therewith.
 5. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof has an association rate constant (k_(a)) as determined by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) analysis for the WIF domain of human RYK of at least 10⁴ M⁻¹ sec⁻¹.
 6. The isolated antibody according to claim 5, or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the association rate constant (k_(a)) as determined by SPRi analysis for the WIF domain of human RYK is 8.8×10⁴ M⁻¹ sec⁻¹.
 7. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof has a dissociation constant (K_(D)) as determined by SPRi analysis for the WIF domain of human RYK of less than 10⁻⁸ M.
 8. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof has a dissociation constant (K_(D)) as determined by SPRi analysis for the WIF domain of human RYK of about 4.2×10⁻⁹M.
 9. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody competes with or substantially modulates the interaction of a Wnt protein with RYK protein.
 10. The antibody according to claim 9 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof wherein the Wnt protein is Wnt5a.
 11. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody competes with or substantially inhibits RYK-mediated signal transduction.
 12. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 or an antigen-binding fragment or derivative thereof, wherein the antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim
 1. 14. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody of claim
 1. 15. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 14. 16. A host cell transformed with the vector of claim
 15. 17. The host cell of claim 16, wherein the host cell is a bacterium, yeast cell, plant cell, an insect cell or mammalian cell.
 18. A method of producing an antibody that binds to human RYK, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 16 under conditions that allow expression of the antibody, and isolating the antibody from the cell culture.
 19. A method of treating or preventing a RYK-associated condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody according to claim 1 to a subject in need thereof.
 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein the RYK-associated condition is cancer.
 21. A method according to claim 20 wherein the cancer is ovarian, bone or brain cancer.
 22. A method according to claim 19 wherein the RYK-associated condition is a neurodegenerative or neurological disease, disorder or injury.
 23. A method of inhibiting neurite outgrowth comprising administering a therapeutically effective dose of an antibody according to claim 1 to a subject in need thereof.
 24. A method of modulating the self-renewal or differentiation of a stem or progenitor cell comprising contacting the cell with an anti-RYK antibody of claim
 1. 25. A method of diagnosing, prognosticating, or monitoring the efficacy of therapy for cancer in a patient known to or suspected to have cancer, said method comprising: a) contacting cells of said patient with an anti-RYK antibody of claim 1 under conditions appropriate for antibody-RYK binding; and b) measuring antibody binding to said cells, wherein detecting a higher anti-RYK antibody binding level than in a control indicates that the patient has cancer.
 26. A kit comprising the antibody of claim
 1. 27. An antibody produced by the host cell deposited with CellBank Australia having the accession number CBA20130025.
 28. A host cell deposited with CellBank Australia having the accession number CBA20130025. 